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نتیجه جستجو - Recidivism

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 25
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Identifying influential factors distinguishing recidivists among offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia via machine learning algorithms
شناسایی عوامل موثر در تشخیص تکرار مجدد در بین بیماران مجرم با تشخیص اسکیزوفرنی از طریق الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین-2020
Purpose: There is a lack of research on predictors of criminal recidivism of offender patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods: 653 potential predictor variables were anlyzed in a set of 344 offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (209 reconvicted) using machine learning algorithms. As a novel methodological approach, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), backward selection, logistic regression, trees, support vector machines (SVM), and naive bayes were used for preselecting variables. Subsequently the variables identified as most influential were used for machine learning algorithm building and evaluation. Results: The two final models (with/without imputation) predicted criminal recidivism with an accuracy of 81.7 % and 70.6 % and a predictive power (area under the curve, AUC) of 0.89 and 0.76 based on the following predictors: prescription of amisulpride prior to reoffending, suspended sentencing to imprisonment, legal complaints filed by relatives/therapists/public authorities, recent legal issues, number of offences leading to forensic treatment, anxiety upon discharge, being single, violence toward care team and constant breaking of rules during treatment, illegal opioid use, middle east as place of birth, and time span since the last psychiatric inpatient treatment. Conclusion: Results provide new insight on possible factors influencing persistent offending in a specific subgroup of patients with a schizophrenic spectrum disorder.
Keywords: Criminal justice | Criminal recidivism | Machine learning | Offender | Schizophrenia
مقاله انگلیسی
2 The price of expungements
قیمت تمدیدها-2020
Expungement mechanisms allow first-time offenders to seal their criminal record. Theory predicts that the stigma of a criminal record can hinder the reintegration of criminals for whom legal activities are less lucrative. In theory, expungements priced at the reservation level can facilitate the reintegration of criminals without making first-time crime more attractive. This paper considers a behavioral perspective and offers experimental evidence about the impact of expungements priced at different levels. To do this, we set up a laboratory experiment where subjects repeatedly face opportunities to commit crime (take money from another subject). In addition to stochastic formal sanctions – imposed by the experimenter – we introduce endogenously determined social sanctions. In our main treatments of interest, subjects who choose the wrongful action have the opportunity to expunge their record prior to the second stage, thus avoiding social sanctions as long as they do not recidivate. Overall, our experiment shows that, from a general deterrence perspective, it is better to implement expungements at very high prices. We offer an explanation for this result based on the idea that the price of expungements may signal the moral reprehensibility of the offense.
Keywords: Expungement | Specific deterrence | General deterrence | Recidivism | Social sanctions | Legal norms
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Gender-specific participation and outcomes among jail diversion clients with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders
مشارکت و نتایج خاص جنسیت در میان انحراف مراجعه کنندگان به زندان با مصرف همزمان مواد و اختلالات سلامت روان-2020
Men and women with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental illness are at relatively high risk for becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Programs, such as post-booking jail diversion, aim to connect these individuals to community-based treatment services in lieu of pursuing criminal prosecution. Gender ap- pears to have an important influence on risk factors and pathways through the criminal justice system, which in turn may influence how interventions like jail diversion work to engage men and women in treatment services and reduce recidivism. Different circumstances, levels of engagement, and outcomes by gender may be related to both person-level characteristics and external factors such as availability of gender-specific services and re- sources. This mixed-methods study identified specific ways in which men and women use services and reoffend after being diverted, and complemented those findings with in-depth insights from program clinicians about how program experiences and resources differ in important ways by gender. We matched and merged administrative records from 2007 to 2009 for 16,233 adults from several state agencies in Connecticut, and included data on demographic characteristics, clinical diagnoses, outpatient and inpatient behavioral health treatment utilization, arrest, and incarceration. Using propensity analysis, the 1693 men and women who participated in the statewide jail diversion program were matched to respective comparison groups of nondiverted men and women. We used longitudinal multivariable regression analyses to estimate the effects of jail diversion participation on treatment utilization, arrest, and incarceration, separately for men and women. We conducted three focus groups with jail diversion clinicians from around the state (n = 21) to gain in-depth insight from them about how circumstances, program experiences, and resources differ by gender in important ways; these subjective clinician insightscomplement the quantitative analyses of diversion outcomes for men and women. For both men and women, diversion was associated with reductions in risk for incarceration and increases in utilization of outpatient treatment services. For men only, diversion was associated with higher utilization of inpatient mental health care. No differences in treatment or criminal justice outcomes were observed in models that compared men and women directly. Major themes from the focus groups included: the existence of too few inpatient and residential resources for women with co-occurring disorders; different challenges to treatment engagement that men and women face; and a need for more effective, gender-specific services for all program participants. Results from this mixed-methods study offer information on gender-specific program outcomes and surrounding circum- stances that can help programs to better understand and address unique risks and needs for men and women with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders who are involved in the criminal justice system.
Keywords: Substance use disorders | Mental illness | Co-occurring disorders | Jail diversion | Gender
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Cost-effectiveness analysis of a large jail-based methadone maintenance treatment continuation program in New Mexico
تجزیه و تحلیل مقرون به صرفه بودن یک برنامه ادامه درمان نگهداری متادون مبتنی بر زندان در نیومکزیکو-2020
The U.S. has the second-highest incarceration rate in the world and spends more than $80 billion annually to house inmates. The clinical research literature suggests that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is an effective method to treat opioid use disorders (OUD) and that jails are a potentially valuable environment to implement MMT. Currently, jail-based MMT is rarely implemented in practice, due in part to resource limitations and other economic considerations. The primary goal of this study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of jail-based MMT using data from a unique MMT continuation program located in a large urban jail in New Mexico. Recidivism data were collected for a three-year period both before and after incarceration, and quasi-control groups were constructed from both substance-using and general populations within the jail. Base models show that inmates enrolled in jail-based MMT exhibited significantly fewer days of incarceration due to recidivism (29.33) than a group of inmates with OUDs who did not receive MMT. Economic estimates indicate that it cost significantly less ($23.49) to reduce an incarcerated day using jail-based MMT than incarceration per se ($116.49). To mitigate potential sample selection bias, we used both propensity-score-matching and difference- in-differences estimators, which provided comparable estimates when using the OUD non-MMT comparison group. Difference-in-differences models find that, on average, MMT reduced recidivism by 24.80 days and it cost $27.78 to reduce an incarcerated day using jail-based MMT. Assuming a willingness to pay threshold of the break-even cost of reducing one incarcerated day, we estimate a 93.3% probability that this MMT program is cost-effective. Results were not as strong or consistent when using other comparison groups (e.g., alcohol-detoxified and general-population inmates). Overall, results suggest that it costs substantially less to provide jailbased MMT than incarceration alone. Jail administrators and policymakers should consider incorporating MMT in other jail systems and settings.
Keywords: Opioid use disorder | Methadone maintenance | Cost-effectiveness analysis | Jail | Recidivism
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Individual factors associated with recidivism among mental health court program clients
عوامل فردی مرتبط با تکرار جرم در بین مراجعین برنامه دادگاه سلامت روان-2020
There is growing evidence that diversion to a mental health court program (MHC) can reduce recidivism rates and improve the quality of life of clients. However, there is less known about MHC client characteristics and factors associated with recidivism. Yet, this information would be useful to increase the effectiveness of these programs. Cross-sectional quantitative data were collected on MHC clients in three consecutive years. Of the 155 program clients that were successfully interviewed, only 154 were included in the analysis due to one non- consent to collect further data from their case manager. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine “What individual factors are associated with recidivism among MHC program clients?” This analysis specifically explored the association of sex, age, low functional ability, homelessness, court site, and criminal history. From the multiple logistic regression results, the increased risk of recidivism was found to be significantly associated with younger clients and a prior criminal history. The results of this study suggest programs tailored to young adults and repeat offenders may be areas that MHCs could potentially focus on to increase their effectiveness.
Keywords: Mental health courts | Recidivism | Rearrest | Severe mental illness
مقاله انگلیسی
6 French magistrates perception of the introduction of neuroscientific data in expert reports: Effects on the assessment of the expert’s report and criminal case
تصور دادرسان فرانسوی از معرفی داده های علوم اعصاب در گزارش های کارشناسی : تأثیرات ارزیابی گزارش کارشناسی و پرونده جنایی-2020
Objective. – To analyze whether the judge’s perception of the quality, and scientific basis of a psychiatric expert report of a criminal defendant can vary according to whether or not this evaluation includes neuroscientific data (a written description of a structural neuroimaging MRI scan) and their effects on the decisions made by judges. Experimental psychology has demonstrated a number of cognitive effects arising from exposure to neuroscientific explanations and/or neuroimaging data and which may bias judgments and lead to (mis)interpretations that can affect decisions. This research suggests that including neuroscience evidence in an expert report may impact they way the report is assessed by nonspecialists, such as judges, whose work requires them to take into account such reports. Method. – We conducted a study on 41 French judges in order to determine whether their perceptions of the expert report (objectivity, reliability, scientific basis, quality, relevance, credibility, and persuasiveness) and their assessment of risk of recidivism, link between the disorder and offense and the influence of expert report on their decision-making, vary according to whether or not the evaluation includes neuroscientific data. The magistrates had to read a clinical case, summarizing an expertise, with or without neuroscientific data, and then answer various closed (criteria were evaluated using 7-point Likert-scales) and open-ended questions (asking respondents to indicate the reasons underlying their Likert-scale responses). Half of the magistrates received report containing neuroscientific data and the other half a similar report, without this type of data. Quantitative analyses were carried out to assess the effect of the sample’s characteristics on the responses given and to compare the results between the two conditions (correlation analyses and Student T). Qualitative analyses, terminological and thematic, were also carried out. Results. – Quantitative and qualitative results show that the presence of neuroscience data in an expert report affects judges’ perceptions of the report and the magistrates’ perceptions of the link between disorder and offense. The judges considered the expert report including neuroscientific data to be more relevant, more objective, better quality, and more reliable than the report without such data. Furthermore, they found the expert’s arguments to be more persuasive and that these arguments had a greater scientific basis when the report included neuroscientific data than when such data was absent. Moreover, this phenomenon was stronger in more experienced magistrates than in less experienced magistrates. The qualitative finding shows a greater ability to recognize shortcomings in expert reports when they do not contain neuroscience data. The Expert reports including neuroscience data are perceived as more scientific and objective. Conclusion. – The presence of neuroscience data in an expert report affects judges’ perceptions of that report. These effects may be related to cognitive biases described in the literature, in particular the perceived scientific nature of neuroscience data. If judges are aware of their limits when it comes to assessing technical data, they appear relatively unaware that scientific data can induce cognitive biases and thereby affect their perceptions of expert reports.
Keywords: Criminal liability | Evaluation | Justice decision | Magistrate | Neuroscience | Psychiatric expertise
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Problem solving justice: Efficiency of mental health courts in the United States and presentation of the Lyon system
حل مشکل عدالت: کارآیی دادگاههای سلامت روان در ایالات متحده و ارائه سیستم لیون-2020
People with mental disorders are over-represented in the criminal justice system. Mental Heath Courts are problem-solving oriented courts developed as a means of providing treatment to individuals with mental illness involved in the criminal justice system in order to avoid recidivism and to improve access to community mental health care services. MHCs are an alternative to the incarceration and the innovation behind his model is the collaboration between the judiciary and mental health services. The first MHC was created in 1997 in Florida; there are now more than 300 such courts in the United States. In Lyon, France, thought work with Canadian team at the Montreal Mental Health court, a new program called Contrainte Pe´nale Justice The´rapeutique was created in 2016. CPJT is also based on the collaboration of legal, social and pre-existing mental health services in order to treat recidivist offenders suffering from psychiatric and/or addictive disorder. The aim of this interview with Constance Baheux and Dr Sabine Mouchet–Mages is to present the results of American mental health court in terms of effectiveness and to introduce the French program Contrainte Pe´nale Justice The´rapeutique in Lyon according to French law.
Keywords: Addictive disorder | Effectiveness | Mental disorder | Mental Health Courts | Offenders | Recidivism
مقاله انگلیسی
8 What Future for Serious Criminals?
چه آینده ای برای جنایتکاران جدی است ؟-2020
Objectives. – What happens to those who are called serious crimi-nals once the conviction has been handed down and the possibilitiesfor appeal exhausted; and, first and foremost, what is meant by theterm serious criminal? Is this only the penal qualification of a cri-minal conviction, or should it be combined with the length of thesentence? Is the repetition of criminal acts a condition for this desi-gnation, or is the “simple” sentence of life imprisonment, whateverthe reason for the sentence, sufficient?Methods. – Through the examination of the various legislative deve-lopments and the confrontation between different players in thejudicial system, the future of these subjects is put into perspective. Results. – The difficulty of finding a single definition of the conceptof serious criminality illustrates, on its own, the diversity of profilesand individual situations it covers. However, given the sociology oflong-term prisoners, the combination of three criteria, excludingthe repetition of criminal acts, seems relevant to the definition ofthe concept of a serious criminal: the sentencing of the individual,male or female, a sentence of at least 15 years, the assignment ofthe convicted individual to a penal institution, whether a jail, a pri-son, or a maximum security prison. The definition criteria thereforeexclude the nature of the acts that led to the conviction, the ques-tion of repeat offenses in the commission of criminal acts, as well asthe age group to which he belongs. As of July 1, 2018, according tofigures from the French prison administration, 500 prisoners wereserving a life sentence, 1,000 prisoners were serving a criminal sen-tence of more than 20 years, and 5,200 prisoners were serving acriminal sentence of more than 10 years, out of a total number of71,000 prisoners.Discussion. – For these serious criminals, how can we reconcile theobjectives set by the law with regard to the function assigned tothe prison sentence – namely to prepare the integration or rein-tegration of the convicted person in order to enable him to act asa responsible person, respecting the rules and interests of societyand avoiding the commission of new offenses – with the crucialquestion of dangerousness in the case of serious criminals? Whe-ther or not the convicted person is considered a major criminal, theobjective of the prison journey must remain the same: to allow asafe return to civilian life from the point of view of society and toprovide security for the convicted person. This secure return willbe made possible if all the parties involved (the prefectoral autho-rity, the judge in charge of enforcing sentences, representativesof the public prosecutor’s office, integration and probation prisoncounsellors, coordinating doctors) work in concert, the challenge interms of public safety being essential.Conclusion. – To talk about the future of serious criminals requires,after the relatively unknown question of the management of deten-tion, that we look at the question of the adjustment of the sentence.Recent criminal procedural reforms, which have focused on com-bating prison overcrowding and limiting the imposition of shortprison sentences, have had relatively little impact on those sen-tenced to very long sentences. The treatment of serious criminalsin detention and then at the sentencing stage has its own speci-fic features. The objectives sought are first of all those common toall persons serving a sentence of imprisonment or criminal confine-ment, namely the prevention of recidivism and the rehabilitation ofthe convicted person, objectives set out in article 707 of the FrenchCode of Criminal Procedure. Follow-through with serious crimi-nals in the event of a return to civilian life also deserves attentionbecause it differs from the way other cases are handled.
Keywords:Serious criminal | Jail | Penitentiary | Length of incarceration | Rehabilitation | Reinsertion | Communitya
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Efficacy of outpatient treatment of sex offenders
اثربخشی درمان سرپایی مجرمان جنسی-2020
The efficacy of sex offender treatment (SOT) is a matter of ongoing discussion and research in forensic psychotherapy. This study evaluates the efficacy of outpatient SOT after discharge from prison. Recidivism rates of participants treated in outpatient departments for sex offenders in Bavaria between 2008 and 2016 (treatment group, TG; n = 353) were compared with those of a matched group of released offenders without treatment (control group, CG; n = 353). The mean follow-up period was 4.5 years. The primary outcome of interest was whether the rates of reoffending differed significantly between the two groups. We compared general and spe- cific rates of reoffending, time to reoffending, and type of reoffending. The groups differed significantly regarding the rates and time of violent reoffending and reoffending overall, but not regarding sexual reoffending respectively the type of sexual reoffending. The results indicate that outpatient SOT is effective in reducing the general but not the specific risk of reoffending.
Keywords: Prevention of reoffending | Sex offenders | Outpatient treatment | Rate of reoffending | Evaluation
مقاله انگلیسی
10 The association between psychopathy and delinquency in juveniles: A threelevel meta-analysis
ارتباط بین اختلالات فکری و بزهکاری در نوجوانان: یک فراتحلیل سه مرحله ای-2020
Background: Psychopathy has repeatedly been linked with delinquency and criminal recidivism of adults. With the increase of studies examining psychopathic traits in juveniles, it is important to also study this association in juveniles to increase the effectiveness of preventive interventions for juvenile delinquency. Purpose: The primary aim of the present meta-analysis was to examine the association between psychopathic traits and delinquency in juveniles. The second aim was to examine which factors (i.e., type of delinquency, type of psychopathic trait, and other study- and participant characteristics) moderate the association between psychopathy and juvenile delinquent behavior. Method: The data were analyzed in three-level meta-analytic models. Results: In total, 87 studies were included, which used 74 independent samples and reported on 358 effect sizes. Psychopathy was moderately and positively associated with juvenile delinquency (r=0.24, p < .0001). This overall association was not influenced by type of delinquency. However, stronger effect sizes were found for impulsivity traits than for callous unemotional traits. Conclusion: Psychopathy in juveniles is associated with current and future offense behavior. Therefore, assessing psychopathy in juveniles is important for strengthening intervention efforts targeting juvenile delinquency.
Keywords: Psychopathy | Juvenile delinquency | (violent) recidivism | Meta-analysis
مقاله انگلیسی
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