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Maritime transport and economic growth: Interconnection and influence (an example of the countriesin the Caspian sea coast; Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Iran)
حمل و نقل دریایی و رشد اقتصادی: اتصال و نفوذ (نمونه ای از کشورهای ساحل دریای خزر ؛ روسیه ، آذربایجان ، ترکمنستان ، قزاقستان و ایران)-2020 The article reflects the results of the study on the relationship between the development of maritime transport
and the dynamics of economic growth in the countries of the Caspian Sea coast. Among other things, the authors
analyzed the impact of maritime transport on the economic development of such countries as Russia, Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Iran. Special attention is paid to the study of the close relationship between the
factors that negatively affect the economic growth of the countries under study and the internal factors that
characterize the system of maritime transport and the formation of a system of performance indicators for the
economies of the Caspian Sea.
The results of the study showed that the implementation of projects to improve the development of maritime
transport by the management creates conditions for sustainable economic growth of the countries in the Caspian
basin. Keywords: Economic growth | Maritime transport | Caspian basin countries | Economic efficiency |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The theory of innovation and innovative development. AI scenarios in Russia
نظریه نوآوری و توسعه ابتکاری. سناریوهای هوش مصنوعی در روسیه-2020 This article explores different scenarios of implementing artificial intelligence (AI)
in Russia. The relevance of the research and the range of problems addressed in it consist in the
fact that Russia is not fully realizing the potential of innovative economic development. AI can
accelerate the innovative development of Russia’s economy, but it entails the risks of its
destabilization and therefore requires further research. This article contributes to the theory of
innovation, thereby specifying the logic of the optimization of innovative development and the
optimal scale in a strategy of risk management. The effectiveness of the digital modernization of
Russia’s economy based on AI will be remarkably high. The index of global competitiveness
achieves maximum value (7 points), increasing by 1.52 times. The innovation index of the
economy grows 1.15 times. The unemployment level will rise 1.62 times, and the level of
cybersecurity will decrease 6.52 times. Both advantages from the implementation of AI and risks
of digital modernization of the Russian economy are determined. The significance of the
research consists in the application of the offered method for determining the optimal intervals of
AI usage in Russia. The key conclusion that can be drawn from the research is the justification of
the need to promote the modernization of the Russian economy on the basis of AI with a view to
accelerating its innovative development until 2024. The consequences of the research are
involved with the improvement of practices of public regulation of the innovative development
of the Russian economy by promoting the dissemination of AI according to recommendations
proposed by the authors. Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI) | technology | cybersecurity | economic development | risk management | Russia |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Psychodynamics of shame in prison: The Russian dolls of shame
روان شناسی شرمندگی در زندان: عروسک های روسی از شرم -2020 Objectives. – Shame is omnipresent in jail, often in the shadows orhidden behind the masks of other affects. However, psychologicalresearch in a forensic context has paid little attention to this feeling.Method. – This present qualitative study, conducted at a Paris sub-urban jail, is based on psychotherapeutic interviews and groupdiscussions on parenthood with inmates.Results. – Shame first reveals itself silently through body language:shifty eyes, sweaty palms, stooped shoulders. Then it becomesmore apparent when incarcerated individuals expose their perso-nal background, the origin of their delinquent behavior, or theireveryday life in prison.Discussion. – We posit that shame is structural and cumulative inthe life of incarcerated individuals, nested like five Russian dollsin their psyche: first, shame germinates in their social and culturalenvironment; secondly, it roots itself in the experience of violenceand trauma; then it is revealed at the heart of the psychodynamicsof crime; it is amplified by imprisonment; and lastly, while still injail, shame is transmitted to the next generation.Conclusion. – Our research has demonstrated the prevalence ofshame in the psychodynamics of inmates. Further research couldfocus on defining specific psychotherapeutic approaches that canhelp them overcome shame. Keywords: Shame | Guilt| Criminality| Jail | Inmate | Humiliation | Discrimination | Physical violence |Sexual violence | Trauma | Support group | Family | Transmission | Forensic psychology | Qualitative study |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law
COVID-19: ترس ، حواس پرتی ، نمایش های دروغین و قانون-2020 Fear, anxiety and even paranoia can proliferate during a pandemic. Such
conditions, even when subclinical, tend to be a product of personal and predispositional
factors, as well as shared cultural influences, including religious, literary, film, and gaming,
all of which can lead to emotional and less than rational responses. They can render people
vulnerable to engage in implausible conspiracy theories about the causes of illness and
governmental responses to it. They can also lead people to give credence to simplistic and
unscientific misrepresentations about medications and devices which are claimed to prevent,
treat or cure disease. In turn such vulnerability creates predatory opportunities for the
unscrupulous. This article notes the eruption of quackery during the 1889-1892 Russian Flu
and the 1918-1920 Spanish Flu and the emergence during 2020 of spurious claims during the
COVID-19 pandemic. It identifies consumer protection strategies and interventions
formulated during the 2020 pandemic. Using examples from the United States, Japan,
Australia and the United Kingdom, it argues that during a pandemic there is a need for three
responses by government to the risks posed by conspiracy theories and false representations:
calm, scientifically-based messaging from public health authorities; cease and desist
warnings directed toward those making extravagant or inappropriate claims; and the taking of
assertive and well publicised legal action against individuals and entities that make false
representations during a pandemic in order to protect consumers rendered vulnerable by their
emotional responses to the phenomenology of the pandemic. Key words: Pandemics | COVID-19 | vulnerabilities | false representations | conspiracy theories | apocalyptic computer games | pandemic films | pandemic literature | quackery | fear | dread | consumer protection | public health responses | cease and desist orders | prosecution |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Struggling to strike the right balance between interests at stake: The ‘Yarovaya’, ‘Fake news’ and ‘Disrespect’ laws as examples of ill-conceived legislation in the age of modern technology
تلاش برای ایجاد تعادل مناسب بین منافع در خطر: قوانین "Yarovaya"، "Fake News" و "بی احترامی" به عنوان نمونه هایی از قوانین نادرست در عصر فناوری مدرن-2020 The article deals with the legislative amendments that have been recently adopted in the Russian Federation, the so-called ‘Yarovaya’ law, the ‘fake news’ law and the ‘disrespect’ law. It explains the essence and problems of implementation of the above-mentioned legal instruments and assesses them from the human rights angle. It is established that the rather complex laws under analysis pose significant threats to the human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals, including privacy, data protection and freedom of expression, and introduce other additional negative effects to the Russian society and economy. While in the adoption of such legislation it is crucial to give due weight to the involved interests, the used examples indicate that the State’s interests seem to prevail at the cost of the rights and freedoms of those who need to be adequately protected.© 2020 E. Moyakine and A. Tabachnik. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Keywords: Russian legislation | Yarovaya law | Fake news law | Disrespect law | Human rights | Privacy | Data protection | Freedom of expression | Public safety | Public security |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Risk assessment in renewable energy projects: A case of Russia
ارزیابی ریسک در پروژه های انرژی تجدیدپذیر: مورد روسیه-2020 The support of the renewable energy sources (RES) is an important endeavor that might
help to reduce the impacts of global warming and prevent the depletion of world’s energy
resources. However, it calls for the application of special government-funded plans envisaged for its
support and stimulation. Political uncertainties and ineffectiveness of the state support often tend to
increase the risks associated with the RES projects and, as a result, hinder their successful
development. Hence, the assessment of the soundness of the current government-sponsored policies
on renewable energy development becomes a very relevant and important task. Our paper presents
the results of a theoretical analysis of the main types of state support measures for renewable energy
in Russia. Furthermore, it employs an energy-specific logit-model that allows to assess the external
and internal factors having an impact on default of the Russian RES projects. Moreover, the paper
studies the risk dynamics at all stages of the life cycle of RES projects and evaluates the effectiveness
of state measures to support the RES sector. In addition, we carry out the assessment of the “real”
efficiency of state support mechanisms without “zero-risk” projects. Our results might be used for
improving the existing approach to risk assessment in the RES market, as well as for the
development of a concept of competition between traditional and renewable energy at the global
energy market. Keywords: renewable energy sources | investments | state support | risk assessment | project management | Russia |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Literary Legend in Early Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature: Genre Labeling and Genre Formation
افسانه ادبی در اوایل قرن نوزدهم ادبیات روسی: نوع برچسب و نوع شکل گیری -2020 The present paper analyses short prose texts written in the 1830s-1840s under the
generic label “legend” either in their titles or subtitles. The aim of the research is to
ascertain whether such texts followed a similar generic pattern. The article shows
that the chosen texts share a network of constituent properties, which indicates their
generic cognateness and allows the reader to classify them as literary legends. The
Russian literary legend of the 1830s-1840s may be characterized as a historical
narrative relating extraordinary, sometimes criminal events. Though the audience is
likely to disbelieve the story, the narrator finds it necessary to communicate it, as it
contains an important truth or idea missing from conventional sources. Despite the
similarity of the generic pattern, the genre had fuzzy boundaries in the first half of
the nineteenth century, which is revealed in numerous title alterations, inconsistency
in using cognate labels (“skazanie”, “predanie”, “byl’”), the absence of legend
cycles, and a paucity of discussions about the genre. However, it can be concluded
that the literary legend of the time was the grain from which the late-nineteenth
century genre developed. Keywords: Literary Legend | Genre Formation | Generic Label | Constituent Properties | 19th Century Russian Literature | Short Prosaic Forms |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Exploring the views of forest industry companies on the long-term forestry development in Russia: A case study in Republic of Karelia
بررسی دیدگاه های شرکت های صنعت جنگل در مورد توسعه بلند مدت جنگلداری در روسیه: یک مطالعه موردی در جمهوری کارلیا-2020 Forest industry companies are the chief exploiters of forest resources, and their day-to-day decisions and actions may have major implications for the sustainable development of forests, and for those who depend on them. Russian companies have a special place in this regard as they operate in the most forested country in the world and the local forest resources have considerable global effects. In this study, the concerns and views of an expert group from Russian wood harvesting companies in regard to forests and forestry development in the long term are scrutinized through a case study in Republic of Karelia, one of the main forest regions in Russia. The study employed a two-stage survey carried out by interviewing representatives from the companies in order to identify critical issues that they think will influence long-term forestry development. The survey combined an un- structured interview approach for the first stage and cumulative voting (CV) for the second. The identified data were summarized into a PESTE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Environmental) framework to obtain a general overview of the macro environments in the study area. The results show that the companies views were mainly influenced by the technological, political and economic issues faced by the Russian forestry sector last decades, while social and environmental dimensions were considered of minor significance. The companies did not refer to the concept of sustainable development. Forestry was largely associated with the management of own business demands. Keywords: Bioeconomy | Sustainable development | Strategic planning | Russia | Boreal forest | Cumulative voting |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Cross-border knowledge transfer and innovation in the European neighbourhood: Tourism cooperation at the Finnish-Russian border
انتقال دانش بین مرزی و نوآوری در همسایگی اروپایی: همکاری گردشگری در مرز فنلاند - روسیه-2018 Knowledge transfer and innovation cooperation between the EU and its neighbours has remained weakly developed. To promote this cooperation, the EU has set up initiatives for the European neighbourhood. The issue has, however, received very limited scholarly attention in the field of tourism. This research gap is addressed here via interview data collected from participants in tourism related EU-funded projects in the Finnish-Russian cross-border region. These underline the importance of EU-funding in facilitating knowledge transfer and innovation between Finland and Russia. While language issues, and differences in business culture and administrative/legislative systems between the two countries, constitute barriers for practical cross-border cooperation, it is cross-border differences in culture and technological capabilities that drive cross-border knowledge transfer and innovation in the cross-border region. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for promoting future cross-border cooperation in innovation and tourism.
keywords: Cross-border region |European neighbourhood |Finland |Innovation |Knowledge transfer |Russia |Tourism |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Influence of land-based Kaliningrad (Primorsky) amber mining on coastal zone
تأثیر زمین های مبتنی بر کالینینگراد (Primorsky) معدن کهربا در منطقه ساحلی-2018 In this paper, we report on the pollution in the coastal zone of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea (Russian coast). It was
studied through a range of methods, including analyses potential water quality indicators (WQIs) and potentially
harmful elements (PHEs). A contamination factor and modified degree of contamination were used for de
scribing the contamination of the sediments by toxic substances. Special attention was paid to activity of the
Kaliningrad Amber Combine (KAC), the biggest world amber mining company, located onshore close to the
coastal zone (Kaliningrad Region). The amber extraction contribution to the ecological state of the coastal zone
was estimated. Contamination of the quarry by metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn) was comparable with con
tamination of abrasion bench. The pollution of the western coastal zone of the Sambia Peninsula is caused both
by land-based anthropogenic developments (including KAC) and natural processes (coastal abrasion).
Keywords: Amber mining ، Baltic Sea ، Coastal zone ، Contamination factor |
مقاله انگلیسی |