دانلود و نمایش مقالات مرتبط با Safety::صفحه 9
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نتیجه جستجو - Safety

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 616
ردیف عنوان نوع
81 Lessons Learned About Autonomous AI: Finding a Safe, Efficacious, and Ethical Path Through the Development Process
درسهایی که درباره هوش مصنوعی مستقل آموخته اند: یافتن راهی ایمن ، کارآمد و اخلاقی از طریق فرایند توسعه-2020
Artificial intelligence (AI) describes systems capable of making decisions of high cognitive complexity; autonomous AI systems in healthcare are AI systems that make clinical decisions without human oversight. Such rigorously validated medical diagnostic AI systems hold great promise for improving access to care, increasing accuracy, and lowering cost, while enabling specialist physicians to provide the greatest value by managing and treating patients whose outcomes can be improved. Ensuring that autonomous AI provides these benefits requires evaluation of the autonomous AI’s effect on patient outcome, design, validation, data usage, and accountability, from a bioethics and accountability perspective. We performed a literature review of bioethical principles for AI, and derived evaluation rules for autonomous AI, grounded in bioethical principles. The rules include patient outcome, validation, reference standard, design, data usage, and accountability for medical liability. Application of the rules explains successful US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) de novo authorization of an example, the first autonomous point-of-care diabetic retinopathy examination de novo authorized by the FDA, after a preregistered clinical trial. Physicians need to become competent in understanding the potential risks and benefits of autonomous AI, and understand its design, safety, efficacy and equity, validation, and liability, as well as how its data were obtained. The autonomous AI evaluation rules introduced here can help physicians understand limitations and risks as well as the potential benefits of autonomous AI for their patients. (Am J Ophthalmol 2020;214:134–142.
مقاله انگلیسی
82 Seatbelt laws and seatbelt use among front- and rear-seat vehicle occupants in fatal crashes in the United States
قوانین کمربند ایمنی و استفاده از کمربند ایمنی در میان سرنشینان وسایل نقلیه جلو و عقب در تصادفات کشنده در ایالات متحده-2020
Seatbelt laws are deemed effective at increasing seatbelt use, consequently, reducing fatalities associated with motor vehicle crashes in the United States. Previous studies have provided significant insights about the effectiveness of seatbelt laws, however, studies exploring passenger seatbelt use accounting for the variations in seatbelt laws are not well documented in the literature. Seatbelt laws vary by whether they cover front-seat occupants only or include rear-seat passengers as well. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the differences in adult seatbelt compliance rate based on six categories of seatbelt laws in the United States using crash data. In this present study, six categories of seatbelt laws are considered ranging from no seatbelt law to primary seatbelt law covering all vehicle occupants. Using Tukey-type multiple comparison test, a positive relationship between seatbelt laws and adult seatbelt use was found. Specifically, states with stricter seatbelt laws, that is primary law for all front- and rear-seat occupants, exhibit higher seatbelt compliance rate than those with less strict (partial primary/secondary laws) or no seatbelt laws. Given the significant differences in adult seatbelt use based on our study design (using six categories of seatbelt laws), the analysis support that if states upgrade their seatbelt laws from no/secondary laws to primary laws covering all vehicle occupants, there likely will be positive impacts on adult seatbelt use. The findings in this study are to inform and support decision policies and intervention strategies that are effective at promoting safety for motor vehicle occupants.
Keywords: Seatbelt laws |Seatbelt use | Front-and rear-seat occupants | Tukey-type multiple comparison | Crashes
مقاله انگلیسی
83 Painting a picture of nurse presenteeism: A multi-country integrative review
ترسیم تصویری از حضور پرستار: مروری یکپارچه در چند کشور-2020
Aim: To conduct a review of the impact of presenteeism as it relates to the nursing workforce. Background: Presenteeism behaviour has been researched in the broader workforce across multiple industries including business/management, public health and occupational health. Presenteeism in nursing is particularly significant because it puts patients at risk by reducing the capacity of nurses to provide high quality care. Rates of presenteeism are particularly high in the nursing workforce and the impact of nurse presenteeism needs to be further examined and explored. Design: An integrative review of the associated literature. Methods: Online databases were searched for research related to presenteeism in the nursing workforce. Original primary research investigating presenteeism in the nursing workforce, in all clinical settings, in the English language and published between 2006 and 2018 were included. Results: A total of 17 studies fit the inclusion criteria and were included in this review: 16 quantitative and 1 qualitative. Five categories emerged from the data synthesis process: 1) the prevalence of presenteeism, 2) the economic cost of presenteeism, 3) presenteeism and related health conditions, 4) presenteeism and nurse well-being, and 5) presenteeism and patient safety. Conclusion: The scale and impact of presenteeism is rarely explicitly discussed. Further research is needed to investigate the link between presenteeism, nurse well-being quality of patient care and costs in the nursing sector.
Keywords: Integrative review | Presenteeism | Productivity | revalence | Economic cost | Well-being | Patient safety | Nurse
مقاله انگلیسی
84 Modelling guidelines for safety analysis of Station Black Out sequences based on experiments at the PKL test facility
دستورالعمل های مدل سازی برای تجزیه و تحلیل ایمنی توالی خروجی ایستگاه سیاه براساس آزمایشات در مرکز آزمایش PKL-2020
After the Fukushima accident, ‘‘stress-test” activities carried out worldwide pointed out the need to study additional accident management measures to deal with prolonged Station Black Out (SBO) scenarios. Without any operator actions, a total loss of the secondary side heat sink leads to core uncovery, to core damage and ultimately to a melt-down scenario. The international NEA/OECD PKL-3 project has addressed the efficiency of possible accident management actions to re-establish core cooling by experiments at the PKL test facility. Since best estimate system codes were mainly developed to simulate LOCA scenarios, their performance and the general guidelines followed to simulate PWR power plants are called into question. In this paper, RELAP5 simulations of three SBO experiments are presented. An assessment of the code for the particular phenomenology in the experiments have been conducted. Specific guidelines on modelling and a list of the most important sources of uncertainties are provided.
Keywords: Integral test facility | PWR | Station black out | PKL
مقاله انگلیسی
85 Car accidents in the age of robots
تصادفات اتومبیل در عصر روبات ها-2020
In this paper, we compare liability rules in a world where human-driven and fully-autonomous cars coexist. We develop a model where a manufacturer can invest to improve the safety of autonomous cars. Human drivers may decide to purchase a fully-autonomous car to save precaution costs to avoid road accidents and shift liability to the car manufacturer. As compared to the negligence rule, a strict liability regime on both human drivers and car manufacturers is proved to be a superior policy. In particular, strict liability leads to more efficient R&D investments to enhance the benefits of the technology and favors the adoption of fully-autonomous cars. We also recommend that users of fully-autonomous cars make a technology-dependent payment to a third-party if there is an accident to discipline their activity levels.
Keywords: Autonomous vehicles | Investment problem | Liability rules | Torts
مقاله انگلیسی
86 Compression of 3D pin-by-pin burnup data
فشرده سازی داده های سوزش پین سه بعدی توسط پین-2020
Several 3D distributions of pin-by-pin data are produced in nodal core calculations. In particular, burnup distributions are used as input of thermo-mechanical computer codes in one-way coupling in order to verify the compliance to safety constraints, either at operation or in accidental transients. Their storage is required because they are computed with restart from previous calculations. Since one value is needed per fuel pin and per axial level, the amount of data to be stored for one reactor configuration is very high. Data compression techniques are very powerful to reduce the storage need. They are proposed in this work to optimise the amount of data saved and processed, without compromising the final accuracy. Specifically, we recommend the Hotelling transform to achieve higher compression performances.
Keywords: Data compression | Reactor analysis | Pin-by-pin data
مقاله انگلیسی
87 Fatigue life prediction of metallic materials considering mean stress effects by means of an artificial neural network
پیش بینی طول عمر خستگی مواد فلزی با توجه به میانگین اثرات استرس با استفاده از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی-2020
The mean stress effect plays an important role in the fatigue life predictions, its influence significantly changes high-cycle fatigue behaviour, directly decreasing the fatigue limit with the increase of the mean stress. Fatigue design of structural details and mechanical components must account for mean stress effects in order to guarantee the performance and safety criteria during their foreseen operational life. The purpose of this research work is to develop a new methodology to generate a constant life diagram (CLD) for metallic materials, based on assumptions of Haigh diagram and artificial neural networks, using the probabilistic Stüssi fatigue S-N fields. This proposed methodology can estimate the safety region for high-cycle fatigue regimes as a function of the mean stress and stress amplitude in regions where tensile loading is predominance, using fatigue S-N curves only for two stress R-ratios. In this approach, the experimental fatigue data of the P355NL1 pressure vessel steel available for three stress R-ratios (−1, −0.5, 0), are used. A multilayer perceptron network has been trained with the back-propagation algorithm; its architecture consists of two input neurons (σm, N) and one output neuron (σa). The suggested CLD based on trained artificial neural network algorithm and probabilistic Stüssi fatigue fields applied to dog-bone shaped specimens made of P355NL1 steel showed a good agreement with the high-cycle fatigue experimental data, only using the stress R-ratios equal to 0 and −0.5. Furthermore, a procedure for estimating the fatigue resistance reduction factor, Kf , for the fatigue life prediction of structural details (stress R-ratios equal to 0, 0.15 and 0.3) in extrapolation regions is suggested and used to generate the Kf results for stress R-ratios from −1 to 0.3, based on machine learning artificial neural network algorithm.
Keywords: Fatigue | Artificial neural network | Back-propagation algorithm | Stüssi model | Constant life diagram
مقاله انگلیسی
88 Managing the safety of police pursuits: A mixed method case study of the Metropolitan Police Service, London
مدیریت ایمنی پیگیری های پلیس: یک مطالعه موردی متداول از خدمات پلیس متروپولیتن ، لندن-2020
Pursuits are one of the most risky activities the police undertake and research suggests that it is not always a proportionate response. To strengthen the evidence base more information is needed to understand circumstances which trigger a pursuit, how safety is managed and the proportion that involve injury. Analysis of Metropolitan Police Service pursuit data (2016–18) was carried out and 24 interviews were conducted among police drivers and control room staff to explore factors which generate pursuits and influence their safety. The proportion of pursuits that resulted in an injury was 3.7%. Only 1% of pursuits involved an injury to a member of the public not involved in the pursuit. Interview data suggested that pursuit safety could be improved by drivers giving clearer justification of why they decided to pursue in the first place, more training of operators to perform risk commentaries, greater use of pre-emptive strategies and by continuing the checks and balances provided by control room staff. Moreover, fear of personal repercussions, concerns of facing criminal investigation in the event of a crash and public scrutiny made all staff involved in the management of pursuits risk averse. Recommendations for improving safety include refresher driver training in line with other operations which can involve lethal force such as firearms and improving risk commentary training for operators. Technologies that track or immobilise a vehicle and curtail a pursuit need to be more widely available and in the future drones could be used as an alternative to helicopter deployment.
Keywords: Police pursuits | Safety | Risk management
مقاله انگلیسی
89 A quantitative investigation on criminalization of airline pilots: Consumer and pilot perspectives
بررسی کمی در مورد جرم انگاری خلبانان هواپیمایی: دیدگاه های مصرف کننده و خلبان-2020
The foundation of many safety programs within the aviation industry relies on voluntary safety reporting. The premise of these programs is for participants (usually all members of the organization) to feel comfortable submitting voluntary safety reports whenever there are accidents, incidents, or a safety hazard is perceived. However, around the world, the last decade has seen a rise in the calls for the criminalization of those who are perceived to be responsible for accidents. This trend is a growing concern for those in the safety profession as the short-term demand for perceived justice may be a significant detriment to long-term safety goals. Flight crewmembers fearing criminal prosecution for unintentional actions may severely reduce the number of voluntary reports they are willing to submit. The purpose of these two studies was to examine perceptions of both consumers and pilots to determine their level of agreement with the criminalization of pilots in a series of cases. Using a sample of 3,000 participants across two studies, we found significant differences in attitudes toward criminalization between consumers and pilots, along with a significant interaction. In Study 1, pilots indicated less support for criminalization in all cases compared to consumers, and consumers were less supportive of criminalization in cases where it appeared the circumstances were beyond the pilot’s control. In Study 2, pilots provided additional measures on two select cases to include the level of severity and willingness to file voluntary safety reports on themselves and others.
Keywords: Criminalization | Safety | Aviation | Pilot perceptions | Consumer perceptions
مقاله انگلیسی
90 Analytic network process: An overview of applications
فرایند شبکه تحلیلی: یک نمای کلی از برنامه ها-2020
The analytic network process is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods widely used to solve various issues in the real-world due to the consideration of complex and interrelated relationships between decision elements and the ability to apply quantitative and qualitative attributes simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to review and categorize ANP studies previously conducted. For this purpose, 456 valid scientific papers are reviewed from 2000 to 2017 (in May 2017). The articles are classified in nine application areas: (1) health, safety and environmental management; (2) hydrology and water management; (3) business and financial management; (4) human resources management; (5) tourism; (6) logistics and supply chain management; (7) design, engineering and manufacturing systems; (8) energy management and (9) other topics. After reviewing the papers in the nine application areas, some suggestions for future research are presented. This article provides useful information on ANP for scholarly researchers.
Keywords: Analytic network process | ANP | Multi-criteria decision making | Literature review | Application areas
مقاله انگلیسی
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