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Recovery & identification of human Y-STR DNA from immatures of chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Simulation of sexual crime investigation involving victim corpse in state of decay
ترمیم و شناسایی DNA Y-STR انسانی از ناخالصی های کریسومیا آلبیسپس (Diptera: Calliphoridae). شبیه سازی تحقیقات مربوط به جرم و جنایات مربوط به جسد قربانی در حالت پوسیدگی-2020 The number of sexual crimes in Brazil, as in several other countries, is very high. In many of these crimes
the women raped are murdered and their bodies are found days later, in an advanced state of
decomposition, with intense cadaverous fauna. Forensic Entomology studies insects and other
arthropods that can be used in the expert analysis of various types of crimes. Diptera, the order of
insects that comprises the two-winged or true flies, represents one of the largest known groups of insects
and is the principal source of cadaveric entomofauna. Members of its Calliphoridae family are observed in
cadavers in all phases of decomposition. The retrieval and identification of human Y-STR DNA from the
gastrointestinal tract of Calliphoridae species Chrysomya albiceps maggots and pupae can provide a good
tool for the gathering of evidence in sexual crime investigations involving rape and death, in which the
abandoned victims body is found in a putrefied state. In this study, the animal model used was a female
pig, Sus scrofa, which was sacrificed in a forested area with three shots from a 0.40 calibre Taurus pistol,
and inoculated with semen to its anal and vaginal regions, simulating rape and homicide. During
decomposition, 20–80 maggots were collected every 24 h and preserved in 70 % alcohol, totalling 289
maggots and 157 pupae (446 immatures) over a period of 14 days (336 h) of decomposition. Each maggot
was then dissected for removal of the digestive tract, which was placed in extraction buffer. The
molecular phase proceeded with extraction, quantification, amplification and capillary electrophoresis of
samples, testing 16 STR loci of the Y chromosome. It was possible to establish a partial Y-STR DNA profile,
with the amplification of up to eight sites, by considering a combination of the samples taken at hours
144 h, 168 h, 192 h, 216 h, 240 h, 288 h, 312 h and 336 h.. Keywords: Forensic entomology | Forensic genetics | Sex crimes | Rape | Murder | Criminal profiling |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Gender-based judicial ingroup bias in sex crime sentencing: Evidence from Belgium
تعصب گروه قضایی مبتنی بر جنسیت در مجازات جرایم جنسی: مدارکی از بلژیک-2020 Exploring data on adjudication of sex crimes at a major Belgian court, we study the presence of
gender-based judicial ingroup bias in criminal sentencing. Using a difference-in-difference approach
and addressing sample selection concerns, we find that defendants who are randomly
assigned to a panel featuring a presiding judge of matching gender receive comparatively more
severe sentences. The resulting effect is discernible especially when the crime involves a female
victim. This suggests that the underlying driver of the negative gender-based ingroup bias is
judicial enforcement of a salient ingroup norm, in itself an expression of affinity with ones
gender-based ingroup. Keywords: Judicial bias | Gender | Ingroup bias | Sex crimes | Sentencing |
مقاله انگلیسی |