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نتیجه جستجو - Signalling

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 20
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 How signal intensity of behavioral orientations affects crowdfunding performance: The role of entrepreneurial orientation in crowdfunding business ventures
چگونه شدت سیگنال جهت گیری های رفتاری بر عملکرد سرمایه گذاری جمعی تأثیر می گذارد: نقش جهت گیری کارآفرینی در سرمایه گذاری های سرمایه گذاری جمعی-2020
Backers assess a crowdfunding campaign description not merely for a project’s capacity to deliver a reward, but also for the manner in which that reward is delivered. Viewed through the lens of signalling theory, crowd- funding performance depends on the signals of behavioural orientations. While earlier research has explored the positive and negative effects of signals of behavioural orientation, signal intensity merits exploration. We ex- plored signal intensity among 48,628 reward-based crowdfunding campaigns and focused on entrepreneurial orientation to categorize signals of behavioural orientations. We show that signals of autonomy, innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness, and risk-taking have an inverted-U-shaped relationship with crowdfunding perfor- mance. Signals of proactiveness have a positive non-monotonic relationship with crowdfunding performance.
Keywords: Crowdfunding | Entrepreneurship | Entrepreneurial orientation | Signalling | Entrepreneurial financing | Kickstarter
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Intelligent handover decision scheme using double deep reinforcement learning
طرح تصمیم گیری واگذاری هوشمند با استفاده از یادگیری تقویتی عمیق دو برابر-2020
Handovers (HOs) have been envisioned to be more challenging in 5G networks due to the inclusion of millimetre wave (mm-wave) frequencies, resulting in more intense base station (BS) deployments. This, by its turn, increases the number of HOs taken due to smaller footprints of mm-wave BSs thereby making HO management a more crucial task as reduced quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) along with higher signalling overhead are more likely with the growing number of HOs. In this paper, we propose an offline scheme based on double deep reinforcement learning (DDRL) to minimize the frequency of HOs in mm-wave networks, which subsequently mitigates the adverse QoS. Due to continuous and substantial state spaces arising from the inherent characteristics of the considered 5G environment, DDRL is preferred over conventional Q-learning algorithm. Furthermore, in order to alleviate the negative impacts of online learning policies in terms of computational costs, an offline learning framework is adopted in this study, a known trajectory is considered in a simulation environment while ray-tracing is used to estimate channel characteristics. The number of HO occurrence during the trajectory and the system throughput are taken as performance metrics. The results obtained reveal that the proposed method largely outperform conventional and other artificial intelligence (AI)-based models.
Keywords: Double deep reinforcement learning | Handover management | Millimetre-wave communication
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Why fairness cannot be automated: Bridging the gap between EU non-discrimination law and AI
چرا انصاف را نمی توان خودکار کرد: پر کردن شکاف بین قانون عدم تبعیض اتحادیه اروپا و هوش مصنوعی-2020
In recent years a substantial literature has emerged concerning bias, discrimination, and fairness in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. Connecting this work to existing legal non-discrimination frameworks is essential to create tools and methods that are practically useful across divergent legal regimes. While much work has been undertaken from an American legal perspective, comparatively little has mapped the effects and requirements of EU law. This Article addresses this critical gap between legal, technical, and organisational notions of algorithmic fairness. Through analysis of EU non-discrimination law and jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and national courts, we identify a critical incompatibility between European notions of discrimination and existing work on algorithmic and automated fairness. A clear gap exists between statistical measures of fairness as embedded in myriad fairness toolkits and governance mechanisms and the context-sensitive, often intuitive and ambiguous discrimination metrics and evidential requirements used by the ECJ; we refer to this approach as “contextual equality.”
This Article makes three contributions. First, we review the evidential requirements to bring a claim under EU non-discrimination law. Due to the disparate nature of algorithmic and human discrimination, the EU’s current requirements are too contextual, reliant on intuition, and open to judicial interpretation to be automated. Many of the concepts fundamental to bringing a claim, such as the composition of the disadvantaged and advantaged group, the severity and type of harm suffered, and requirements for the relevance and admissibility of evidence, require normative or political choices to be made by the judiciary on a caseby-case basis. We show that automating fairness or non-discrimination in Europe may be impossible because the law, by design, does not provide a static or homogenous framework suited to testing for discrimination in AI systems.
Second, we show how the legal protection offered by non-discrimination law is challenged when AI, not humans, discriminate. Humans discriminate due to negative attitudes (e.g. stereotypes, prejudice) and unintentional biases (e.g. organisational practices or internalised stereotypes) which can act as a signal to victims that discrimination has occurred.
Equivalent signalling mechanisms and agency do not exist in algorithmic systems. Compared to traditional forms of discrimination, automated discrimination is more abstract and unintuitive, subtle, intangible, and difficult to detect. The increasing use of algorithms disrupts traditional legal remedies and procedures for detection, investigation, prevention, and correction of discrimination which have predominantly relied upon intuition. Consistent assessment procedures that define a common standard for statistical evidence to detect and assess prima facie automated discrimination are urgently needed to support judges, regulators, system controllers and developers, and claimants.
Finally, we examine how existing work on fairness in machine learning lines up with procedures for assessing cases under EU non-discrimination law. A ‘gold standard’ for assessment of prima facie discrimination has been advanced by the European Court of Justice but not yet translated into standard assessment procedures for automated discrimination. We propose ‘conditional demographic disparity’ (CDD) as a standard baseline statistical measurement that aligns with the Court’s ‘gold standard’. Establishing a standard set of statistical evidence for automated discrimination cases can help ensure consistent procedures for assessment, but not judicial interpretation, of cases involving AI and automated systems. Through this proposal for procedural regularity in the identification and assessment of automated discrimination, we clarify how to build considerations of fairness into automated systems as far as possible w
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Proteotoxicity and mitochondrial dynamics in aging diabetic brain
Proteotoxicity و پویایی میتوکندری در پیری مغز دیابتی-2020
Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of both aging and protein misfolding disorders. Amyloidosis, a consequence of this phenomena is observed in the brains of diabetic patients over the chronic time period. These toxic aggregates not only cause age-related decline in proteostasis, but also dwindle its ability to increase or restore the chaperones in response to any stressful condition. Mitochondria acts as the main source of energy regulation and many metabolic disorders such as diabetes have been associated with altered oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and redox imbalance in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) acts as a mediator for maintaining the mitochondrial protein homeostasis and quality control during such conditions. Over a long time period, these responses start shutting off leading to proteotoxic stress in the neurons. This reduces the buffering capacity of protein network signalling during aging, thereby increasing the risk of neurodegeneration in the brain. In this review, we focus on the proteotoxic stress that occurs as an amalgamation of diabetes and aging, as well as the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the neuronal survival affecting the diabetic brain and its long term consequences on the memory changes.
Keywords: Proteotoxicity | Aging | Diabetes | Mitochondrial biogenesis | Mitophagy | Mitochondrial unfolded protein response | (UPRmt )
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Targeted viral vector transduction of relaxin-3 neurons in the rat nucleus incertus using a novel cell-type specific promoter
انتقال بردار ویروسی هدفمند از سلولهای عصبی ریلسین -3 در هسته موش با استفاده از یک پروموتر خاص از نوع سلول جدید-2020
Modern neuroscience utilizes transgenic techniques extensively to study the activity and function of brain neural networks. A key feature of this approach is its compatibility with molecular methods for selective transgene expression in neuronal circuits of interest. Until now, such targeted transgenic approaches have not been applied to the extensive circuitry involving the neuropeptide, relaxin-3. Pharmacological and gene knock-out studies have revealed relaxin-3 signalling modulates interrelated behaviours and cognitive processes, including stress and anxiety, food and alcohol consumption, and spatial and social memory, highlighting the potential of this system as a therapeutic target. In the present study, we aimed to identify a promoter sequence capable of regulating cell-type specific transgene expression from an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector in relaxin-3 neurons of the rat nucleus incertus (NI). In parallel to relaxin-3 promoter sequences, we also tested an AAV vector containing promoter elements for the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) gene, as TrkA is co-expressed with relaxin-3 in rat NI neurons. Stereotaxic injection of an mCherry-expressing AAV vector revealed widespread nonspecific TrkA promoter (880 bp) activity in and adjacent to the NI at 8 weeks post-treatment. In contrast, mCherry expression was successfully restricted to relaxin-3 NI neurons with 98% specificity using a 1736 bp relaxin-3 promoter. In addition to detailed anatomical mapping of NI relaxin-3 networks, illustrated here in association with GABAergic medial septum neurons, this method for targeted transgene delivery offers a versatile tool for ongoing preclinical studies of relaxin-3 circuitry.
Keywords: Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector | Cell-type specific promoter | Medial septum | Nucleus incertus | Relaxin-3 | Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA)
مقاله انگلیسی
6 From high school to the high chair: Education and fertility timing
از دبیرستان به صندلی بالا: آموزش و پرورش و زمان باروری-2019
We exploit an expansion of post-compulsory schooling that occurred from the late 1980s to the early 1990s to investigate the effect of education on the timing of fertility in England and Wales. We do not find a significant effect on the probability of having a child as a teenager but instead find that the variation in education led to delays in childbearing. Our estimates suggest that an increase in education by one year led to a 5.3% increase in probability of first birth aged 24 or above, 9.4% increase in probability of first birth aged 27 or above, and 13.3% increase in probability of first birth aged 30 or above. The mechanisms driving these findings are not due to an incapacitation effect – by keeping young people in school or university they have less time or opportunity to have a child – but due to a combination of human capital and signalling effects.
Keywords: Education | Fertility timing
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Sequence and expression analysis of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 from the barbel chub Squaliobarbus curriculus
Sequence and expression analysis of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 from the barbel chub Squaliobarbus curriculus-2019
MDA5 is a cytoplasmic viral double-stranded RNA recognition receptor that plays a pivotal role in the aquatic animal innate immune system. To decipher the role of MDA5 of Squaliobarbus curriculus (ScMDA5) in the immune response, full-length cDNA of ScMDA5 was cloned using the RACE technology, mRNA and protein expression levels of ScMDA5 signalling pathway members in response to stimulation were detected and effects of overexpression of ScMDA5 on the immune response were investigated. ScMDA5 comprises 3597 bp and is composed of an open reading frame (2958 nucleotides long) that translates into a putative peptide of 985 amino acid residues. ScMDA5 possesses two N-terminal caspase-recruiting domains, DEAD-like helicases superfamily, helicase superfamily C-terminal and RIG-I_C-RD domains, and differences in these domains among species were mainly observed with respect to their length and location. ScMDA5 was closely clustered with those of Carassius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus and Mylopharyngodon piceus. ScMDA5 transcripts were most abundant in the spleen and the lowest in the liver. Expression levels of ScMDA5 in healthy tissues were significantly correlated with those of ScIRF3, ScIRF7 and ScIFN. Besides, mRNA expression levels of ScIRF3 were significantly correlated with those of ScIRF7 (0.956, P < 0.01). Expression level changes, including downregulation, upregulation and initial upregulation followed by downregulation, were found in ScMDA5 signalling pathway molecules in tissues after grass carp reovirus infection. Protein levels of ScMDA5 were the highest in the liver and the lowest in the spleen in detected healthy tissues. Overexpression of ScMDA5 led to significantly enhanced CiIRF7 and CiMx transcription in grass carp ovary cells (P < 0.05). The results of this study helped to clarify the role of ScMDA5 in the immune reaction against grass carp reovirus and provided fundamental information for fish breeding to achieve strong resistance to infection.
Keywords: MDA5 | Squaliobarbus curriculus | Grass carp reovirus | Expression level | Overexpression
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Pattern recognition receptors in fungal immunity
گیرنده های تشخیص الگوی ایمنی قارچ-2019
Over the last decade, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human healthworldwide and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this context, investigations into host-pathogen interactions represent an important and promising field of research. Antigen presenting cellssuch as macrophages and dendritic cells are strategically located at the frontline of defence against poten-tial invaders. Importantly, these cells express germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),which sense conserved entities from pathogens and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, wereview the latest findings regarding the biology and functions of the different classes of PRRs involved inpathogenic fungal recognition. We also discuss recent literature on PRR collaboration/crosstalk and themechanisms involved in inhibiting/regulating PRR signalling. Finally, we discuss how the accumulatedknowledge on PRR biology, especially Dectin-1, has been used for the design of new immunotherapiesagainst fungal infections.
Keywords: Pathogen recognition receptor | C-type lectin-like receptor | Toll-like receptor | Nod-like receptor | Crosstalk
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Creditor rights and bank capital decisions: Conventional vs: Islamic banking
حقوق وام دهنده و تصمیمات سرمایه بانکی: متعارف در مقابل بانکداری اسلامی-2019
Using a sample of banks operating in 24 countries, we provide robust evidence that stronger creditor rights are associated with higher capital adequacy ratios for conventional banks but not for Islamic banks. Such results suggest that, under stronger creditor protection, only the managers of conventional banks increase equity, presumably as a means of signalling better monitoring efforts and of avoiding loss of control. A possible reason for the finding that Islamic banks do not generally increase equity is that, under the profit loss sharing (PLS) principle, depositors share profits and losses with the bank. The role of creditor protection is hence irrelevant in an Islamic banking context. However, we show that in predominantly non-Muslim countries with less competitive markets, Islamic banks show a similar association between creditor rights and capital ratios as conventional banks.
Keywords: Creditor rights | Market power | Religion | Bank capital ratios | Islamic banks
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Neuronal transcriptomic responses to Japanese encephalitis virus infection with a special focus on chemokine CXCL11 and pattern recognition receptors RIG-1 and MDA5
پاسخهای رونویسی عصبی به عفونت ویروس آنسفالیت ژاپنی با تمرکز ویژه روی کموکاین CXCL11 و گیرنده های تشخیص الگوی RIG-1 و MDA5-2019
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes central nervous system neuronal injury and inflammation. A clear understanding of neuronal responses to JEV infection remains elusive. Using the Affymetrix array to investigate the transcriptome of infected SK-N-MC cells, 1316 and 2737 dysregulated genes (≥ 2/−2 fold change, P < 0.05) were found at 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and 60 hpi, respectively. The genes were mainly involved in anti-microbial responses, cell signalling, cellular function and maintenance, and cell death and survival. Among the most highly upregulated genes (≥ 10 folds, P < 0.05) were chemokines CCL5, CXCL11, IL8 and CXCL10. The upregulation and expression of CXCL11 were confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Pathogen recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) were also upregulated. Our results strongly suggest that neuronal cells play a significant role in immunity against JEV. CXCL11, RIG-1 and MDA5 and other cytokines may be important in neuropathogenesis.
Keywords: Japanese encephalitis virus | Transcriptome | RNA microarray | Proinflammatory mediators | Neuronal infection | CXCL11 | RIG-1 | MDA5
مقاله انگلیسی
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