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نتیجه جستجو - Silencing

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 4
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Macaques Exhibit Implicit Gaze Bias Anticipating Others’ False-Belief-Driven Actions via Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Macaques Exhibit Implicit Gaze Bias Anticipating Others’ False-Belief-Driven Actions via Medial Prefrontal Cortex-2020
The ability to infer others’ mental states is essential to social interactions. This ability, critically evaluated by testing whether one attributes false beliefs (FBs) to others, has been considered to be uniquely hominid and to accompany the activation of a distributed brain network. We challenge the taxon specificity of this ability and identify the causal brain locus by introducing an anticipatory-looking FB paradigm combined with chemogenetic neuronal manipulation in macaque monkeys. We find spontaneous gaze bias of macaques implicitly anticipating others’ FBdriven actions. Silencing of the medial prefrontal neuronal activity with inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) specifically eliminates the implicit gaze bias while leaving the animals’ visually guided and memoryguided tracking abilities intact. Thus, neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex could have a causal role in FB-attribution-like behaviors in the primate lineage, emphasizing the importance of probing the neuronal mechanisms underlying theory of mind with relevant macaque animal models.
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Ethical loneliness and the development of a victim-focused approach to rape cases in South Africa
تنهایی اخلاقی و توسعه رویکرد متمرکز بر قربانیان در مورد پرونده های تجاوز جنسی در آفریقای جنوبی-2019
In this article, I focus on the rape trial of the former South African president, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma. I have chosen this specific case as it was extensively documented, both in the media and academically, with the main focus being on how the court had relied on gender-stereotyping in coming to its conclusion that the accused was not guilty as well as the degrading onslaught the victim experienced by communities around her. I look at the courts reliance on evidence of previous sexual history in finding that the complainant (Khwezi) was, in fact, an unreliable witness. I endeavour to show how the reliance of the court on rape stereotypes can be humiliating, degrading and one of the causes of secondary victimisation. I argue that Khwezis harmful experience of the criminal justice system is common to many victims in rape cases. I then proceed to argue that the experience of Khwezi (and many other rape survivors) can be described as what Stauffer calls, ‘ethical loneliness’. As one outlet for this loneliness, I suggest the development of the South African criminal law, which can be applied to criminal law universally, to shift the focus of rape trials from being accused-focused to victim-focused. Through this process, I argue, that law can begin to influence change in the reluctance of society to hear the story of rape survivors and help to create a safe space in communities for survivors to be heard.
Keywords: Rape | Secondary-victimisation | Criminal law | Criminal trials | Victim-focused | Silencing | Evidence
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Food tourism policy: Deconstructing boundaries of taste and class
سیاست گردشگری مواد غذایی: محاصره مرزهای طعم و کلاس-2017
Recent discussions from the journal of tourism management call for more critical deconstructions of the political and economic structures that shape policy and planning. The present paper takes up this call, using a post-structualist framework to examine Scotlands food tourism landscape. Utilising Foucauldian discourse analysis to deconstruct 2,312 media sources collected through a Factiva database search, we illustrate how policy discourses privilege middle class cultural symbols through official food tourism promotion, marginalising particular foods positioned as working class. We find that this is particularly evident through the example of the deep fried mars bar; where, despite touristic desires, classed media discourses constructed it as global, bad and disgusting, and therefore an embarrassment to official tourism bodies. We conclude by discussing the broader importance of attending to the marginalising and silencing effects tourism policy exerts when the power values and interests involved in its formation are not critically appraised.
Keywords: Food tourism | Class | Tourism policy | Disgust
مقاله انگلیسی
4 The biology of cancer
بیولوژی سرطان-2016
Cancer is a genetic disease. Most common cancers are caused by acquired mutations in somatic cells. In contrast, specific germline mutations account for rare hereditary cancer syndromes. In general, cancer-associated genes can be divided into two groups: oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (TSGs). Oncogenes undergo activation and are phenotypically dominant, while TSGs undergo inactivation and are phenotypically recessive. Oncogenic activation can occur by specific point mutations within the gene sequence, amplification of the number of copies of the gene or translocation of DNA to sites where transcription is more active or where a new fusion gene is formed that encodes a protein with enhanced biological activity. TSGs are inactivated by mutations that destroy the function of the protein encoded by the gene, or by silencing of the gene’s promoter. The biological behaviour of cancer can be considered in terms of eight specific hallmarks and two additional so-called enabling characteristics. Improved understanding of the mechanistic basis of these processes has revolutionized diagnosis, treatment and prognostication in cancer medicine.
Keywords: angiogenesis | apoptosis | cancer | growth factor | hallmarks | immune evasion | invasion | metastasis | oncogene | telomerase | tumour suppressor gene | Warburg effect
مقاله انگلیسی
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