دانلود و نمایش مقالات مرتبط با Substance abuse::صفحه 1
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نتیجه جستجو - Substance abuse

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 17
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Women with a substance use disorder: Treatment completion, pregnancy, and compulsory treatment
زنان مبتلا به اختلال مصرف مواد: پایان درمان ، بارداری و درمان اجباری-2020
Over the last several decades, research regarding substance use treatment programs has focused on the unique and differential outcomes of male and female illicit substance users. Research less frequently examines the unique individual and contextual factors that may influence treatment outcomes. One such population that merits special consideration is pregnant women, as substance use within this population has deleterious effects for both the women and their unborn children. The current study employs propensity score matching to determine if pregnancy and referral source to treatment affect treatment program outcomes. Findings suggest that pregnant women, compared to similarly situated nonpregnant women, are significantly less likely to complete substance use treatment; however, pregnant women who were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system were significantly more likely to complete treatment than those who entered treatment by other referral sources.
Keywords: Substance abuse treatment | Illicit drug use | Pregnant | Treatment episode data
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Within-animal comparisons of novelty and cocaine neuronal ensemble overlap in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex
مقایسه بین حیوانات از تازگی و مجموعه عصبی عصبی کوکائین در هسته جمع شده و قشر جلوی مغز-2020
Novelty seeking is a personality trait associated with an increased vulnerability for substance abuse. In rodents, elevated novelty seeking has been shown to be a predictor for elevated drug self-administration and compulsive use. While previous studies have shown that both novelty and drugs of abuse have actions within similar mesocorticolimbic regions, little is known as to whether the same neural ensembles are engaged by these two stimuli. Using the TetTag mouse model and Fos immunohistochemistry, we measured neurons engaged by novelty and acute cocaine exposure, respectively in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). While there was no significant impact of novelty exposure on the size of the EGFP+ ensemble, we found that cocaine engaged significantly more Fos+ neurons in the NAc, while stress increased the size of the Fos+ ensemble in the PFC. Analysis of ensemble reactivation was specific to the emotional valence of the second stimuli. We found that a greater proportion of the EGFP+ ensemble was reactivated in the groups that paired novelty with a positive (cocaine) or neutral (saline) experience in the NAc, while the novelty/stress paired groups exhibited significantly less ensemble overlap in the PFC. However, only in the NAc shell was this increase in ensemble overlap specific to those exposed to both novelty and cocaine. This suggests that the NAc shell, but not the NAc core or PFC, may play an important role in general reward processing by engaging a similar network of neurons.
Keywords: Novelty seeking | Stress | Cocaine | Psychostimulant | TetTag mouse model | Sex differences
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Analysis of substance use and its outcomes by machine learning I: Childhood evaluation of liability to substance use disorder
تجزیه و تحلیل استفاده از مواد و نتایج آن با یادگیری ماشین I: ارزیابی کودک از مسئولیت در برابر اختلال در مصرف مواد-2020
Background: Substance use disorder (SUD) exacts enormous societal costs in the United States, and it is important to detect high-risk youths for prevention. Machine learning (ML) is the method to find patterns and make prediction from data. We hypothesized that ML identifies the health, psychological, psychiatric, and contextual features to predict SUD, and the identified features predict high-risk individuals to develop SUD. Method: Male (N=494) and female (N=206) participants and their informant parents were administered a battery of questionnaires across five waves of assessment conducted at 10–12, 12–14, 16, 19, and 22 years of age. Characteristics most strongly associated with SUD were identified using the random forest (RF)algorithm from approximately 1000 variables measured at each assessment. Next, the complement of features was validated, and the best models were selected for predicting SUD using seven ML algorithms. Lastly, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) evaluated accuracy of detecting individuals who develop SUD +/- up to thirty years of age. Results: Approximately thirty variables strongly predict SUD. The predictors shift from psychological dysregulation and poor health behavior in late childhood to non-normative socialization in mid to late adolescence. In 10–12-year-old youths, the features predict SUD+/- with 74% accuracy, increasing to 86% at 22 years of age. The RF algorithm optimally detects individuals between 10–22 years of age who develop SUD compared to other ML algorithms. Conclusion: These findings inform the items required for inclusion in instruments to accurately identify high risk youths and young adults requiring SUD prevention
Keywords: Substance use disorder | Machine learning | Substance abuse prevention | Big data | Screening addiction risk
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Behavioral and Mental Health outcomes from an RCT of a Youth Entrepreneurship Intervention among Native American Adolescents
نتایج رفتاری و بهداشت روان از RCT مداخله کارآفرینی جوانان در میان نوجوانان بومی آمریکا-2020
Purpose: This study reports the impact of an entrepreneurship education intervention designed and evaluated specifically for its impact on substance use, suicide and violence-related outcomes among Native American adolescents.Methods: This randomized controlled trial included N = 394 Native Americans ages 13–16. Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 (n = 267:127) to the Arrowhead Business Group intervention versus a control condition. Logistic mixed effects regression models examined within group and between group differences in trajectory from baseline to 24 months follow-up.Results: Fewer intervention vs. control participants used marijuana at 6-, 12- and 24-months post-intervention (19.6% vs. 28.0%, p = 0.032; 20.4% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.01; and 24.1% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.047). All violence-related measures (suicide attempts, carrying a weapon, missing school because felt unsafe, fighting, and fighting at school) statistically significantly declined between baseline and 24 months for both groups. Positive between group differences favoring intervention participants were observed at 6-months for missing school because felt unsafe, and at 24-months for fighting at school. While alcohol use increased for both groups over time, control participants experienced a two-fold higher increase in binge alcohol use than intervention participants (control: 7.1–16.7% vs. intervention: 8.1–13.0%).Conclusions: This is the first report in the US literature of a youth entrepreneurship intervention designed and evaluated to promote behavioral and mental health outcomes. It shows promise for reducing substance abuse and violence toward self and others, the largest health disparities for Native American youth.
Keywords: Substance use | Adolescent | Entrepreneurship education | Native American | Randomized controlled trial | Violence
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Statewide collaborative partnerships among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in California to target the opioid epidemic: Preliminary results of the Tribal Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) key informant needs assessment
مشارکت های مشترک ایالتی بین جوامع بومی سرخپوستان آمریکا و آلاسکا (کالیفرنیا) برای هدف گیری اپیدمی مواد مخدر: نتایج اولیه ارزیابی نیازهای مخبر کلیدی درمان دارویی قبیله ای (MAT)-2020
American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities have disproportionately been impacted by the opioid epidemic with the second highest opioid-related overdose death rates compared to other ethnic groups. The diversity among California AI/AN tribes, including regional differences in economic opportunities, tribal affiliation and organization, resources and infrastructure, requires a strong community-based partnership approach to assess global statewide patterns in service availability, acceptability, and utilization, as well as capturing the unique challenges and service needs within each region. This article describes a statewide communitybased needs assessment of strengths and weakness among key informants in CA to identify facilitators and barriers to treatment of substance use disorders (SUD) and opioid use disorders (OUD). We conducted structured interviews of 21 healthcare professionals from Urban Indian Health Programs, Tribal clinics and communitybased organizations throughout California. The interview assessed (1) barriers to accessing services; (2) risk factors; (3) protective factors; (4) community substance use description; (5) SUD and OUD services available; and (6) service system needs. Findings indicate an overall increase in SUD and OUD in AI/AN communities. Key informants discussed the importance of comprehensive and culturally centered care, wrap-around services, such as treatment of mental health issues alongside substance abuse, and the need for AI/AN-specific treatment facilities that integrate traditional and cultural activities into western health services.
Keywords: American Indian/Alaska Native | Medication-assisted treatment | Opioid use disorder | Substance use disorder | Traditional healing
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Women in German forensic addiction treatment: Epidemiology and genderrelated decision making in jurisdiction
زنان آلمانی در درمان اعتیاد پزشکی قانونی : اپیدمیولوژی و تصمیم گیری جنسیتی در صلاحیت-2020
Purpose: Within the German legal framework, if an unlawful act is committed by a substance-addicted offender, courts shall make a forensic addiction treatment order (referred to as FAT). In 2010–2015, German courts applied this rule to 14,576 individuals. The article aims to explore the development of FAT sex ratios, its relation to other criminological measures and its regional distribution - and to describe gender-related differences within the FAT population. Methods: Yearly and state-specific sex ratios in FAT orders were calculated and related to general delinquency figures. Women were compared to men on various variables. We computed chi-square, t- and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Compared to registered and sanctioned delinquency, women are steadily underrepresented, but the sex ratio differs largely among German states. Compared to men, women are 1 year older, have a less severe criminal history and a different distribution of addiction-related delinquency. Their average concurrent prison sentence is shorter, indicating less severe offences. Conclusions: Findings largely conform to epidemiological knowledge. However, it is unlikely that these effects explain the extent of womens underrepresentation concerning FAT. Instead, FAT-application seems to be influenced by gender-related decision biases in jurisdiction. Regional differences cannot be explained epidemiologically, they seem to indicate different juridical “cultures”.
Keywords: Forensic psychiatry | Substance abuse | Gender differences | Offender treatment | Epidemiology
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Deadly violence in Sweden: Profiling offenders through a latent class analysis
خشونت مرگبار در سوئد: پروفایل مجرمان از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل کلاس پنهان-2020
Background: Sweden has in recent years witnessed increasing rates of firearm-related violence and homicide, which has contributed to increased rates of deadly violence. Attempts to profile offenders committing such crimes are of major importance, because such efforts may contribute to better preventive measures. We therefore aimed to study the characteristics of individuals convicted and/or suspected of homicide, attempted homicide, preparation to commit homicide as well as conspiration to commit homicide (for simplicity called homicide+) in Sweden. Methods: By using information from the Swedish Crime Register and the Swedish Criminal Suspect Register, individuals being 15–60 years old and convicted and/or suspected of homicide+ between 2000 and 2015 were included in the study. Using these registers and also other population and health care registers, information on previous criminality, substance abuse, and psychiatric disorders were added to the Latent Class Analysis (LCA) that was used to identify latent classes of individuals convicted and/or suspected for homicide+. In addition, several individual variables were added for validation purposes. Results: A total of 14,466 individuals were included in the analysis. The majority were male (n = 12,802; 88.5%) and Swedish-born with Swedish-born parents (n=8247; 57.0%). The LCA identified three classes where Conviction Class (CC) contained mostly convicted individuals whereas Mixed Class A (MCA) and Mixed Class B (MCB) contained almost equal rates of both convicted and suspected individuals. The CC was characterized by individuals with low rates of previous criminality, substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. The MCA and the MCB were characterized by individuals with higher rates of previous criminality, substance abuse, and psychiatric disorders as well as lower education and worse economy in comparison with the CC. Conclusion: While MCA and MCB may be constituted by “traditional” criminals often well known by the police and/or the social authorities, the CC was mainly constituted by convicted offenders who may more easily escape the radar of the authorities.
Keywords: Deadly violence | Homicide | Offender characteristics | Sweden | Latent class analysis
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Aberrant probabilistic reinforcement learning in first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder
یادگیری تقویتی احتمالی نابجا در بستگان درجه یک افراد مبتلا به اختلال دو قطبی-2020
Background: Motivational dysregulation represents a core vulnerability factor for bipolar disorder. Whether this also comprises aberrant learning of stimulus-reinforcer contingencies is less clear. Methods: To answer this question, we compared healthy first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder (n = 42) known to convey an increased risk of developing a bipolar spectrum disorder and healthy individuals (n = 97). Further, we investigated the effects of the behavioral activation system (BAS) on reinforcement learning across the entire sample. All participants were assessed with a probabilistic learning task that distinguishes learning from positive and negative feedback. Main outcome measures included choice frequencies and learning rate parameters generated by computational reinforcement learning algorithms. Results: First-degree relatives choose more rewarding stimuli more consistently and showed marginally reduced learning rates from unexpected negative feedback. Further, first-degree relatives had lower BAS scores than controls, which were negatively associated with learning rates from unexpected negative feedback. Limitations: However as probands also reported other mental disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and substance abuse among their first-degree relatives, we cannot know, whether these findings are specific to the risk for bipolar disorder. Conclusion: The behavior of first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder, who also display increased BAS sensitivity, is less influenced by unexpected negative feedback. This reduced learning from unexpected negative feedback biases subsequent choices towards stimuli with higher probabilities for a reward. In sum, our results confirm the role of aberrant reinforcement learning in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
Keywords: Bipolar disorder | First-degree relatives | Behavioral activation system (BAS) | Reinforcement learning | Computational modeling
مقاله انگلیسی
9 A comparison of LGBTQ youth and heterosexual youth in the child welfare system: Mental health and substance abuse occurrence and outcomes
یک مقایسه بین جوانان LGBTQ و جوانان غیرهمجنس گرا در سیستم رفاه بچه: سلامت ذهنی وقوع و خروجی های سوء استفاده از ماده-2018
LGBTQ youth enter the child welfare system often because they are at higher risk of experiencing child maltreatment compared to youth who are heterosexual (Friedman, Marshal, Guadamuz, Wei, Wong, Saewye, & Stall, 2011), and due to family rejection, which places them at higher risk of suicide, higher levels of depression and are more likely to use substances (Ryan, Huebner, Dias & Sanchez, 2009). Using national data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), this study had two purposes; first to examine mental health disparities among LGBTQ youth and their heterosexual peers who are involved in the child welfare system, and second to observe the effectiveness of systems of care with youth in child welfare and if any differences exist between LGBTQ youth and heterosexual youth. Methods Chi-square and logistic regression were used to analyze differences at intake between youth who identified as LGBT or Q and their heterosexual counterparts. Repeated linear mixed modeling was used to evaluate the outcomes and to compare the groups at fixed time points (intake, 6-months, and 12-months). Findings The study found LGBTQ youth had higher levels of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, depression, and gender identity related problems compared to the heterosexual youth in child welfare. All youth in the study experienced significant improvement, further supporting the effectiveness of system of care approaches. Recommendations are also discussed.
keywords: LGBTQ |Child welfare |System of care |Mental health disparities, mental health outcomes
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Effects of motor impulsivity and sleep quality on swearing, interpersonally deviant and disadvantageous behaviors on online social networking sites
اثرات تکانشی حرکتی و کیفیت خواب بر روی سوگند، رفتارهای انحرافی و رفتارهای نامناسب در شبکه های آنلاین شبکه های اجتماعی-2017
Reports point to an increase in problematic uses of social networking sites that may include swearing, interper sonally deviant and disadvantageous online behaviors. The etiology of such behaviors, though, is still unknown. Relying on models borrowed from the offline problematic behavior (e.g., gambling, substance abuse) and neurocognitive literatures, we theorize that such behaviors are driven, in part, by elevated motor impulsivity and poor sleep quality, which is also a growing concern in modern society; and that poor sleep quality strengthens the effects of motor impulsivity on the examined range of problematic behaviors, after accounting for stress effects. To test this model we conducted a time-lagged study involving 384 young adults from the US who use social networking sites. Findings based on structural equation modeling analyses reveal that (1) motor impulsivity drives some problematic online behaviors, (2) poor sleep quality (at normative levels) does not directly influence these behaviors, and (3) poor sleep quality augments the effect of motor impulsivity on swearing, interpersonally deviant, and disadvantageous online behaviors, after accounting for stress effects. The results point to possible etiological underpinnings of problematic online behaviors and can serve as a spring board for the development of interventions that target such factors.
Keywords: Impulsivity | Sleep | Social networking sites | Problematic behaviors | Swearing
مقاله انگلیسی
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