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Linking standard Economic Account for Forestry and ecosystem accounting: Total forest incomes and environmental assets in publicly-owned conifer farms in Andalusia-Spain
پیوند حساب استاندارد اقتصادی برای حسابداری جنگلداری و اکوسیستم: کل درآمد جنگل ها و دارایی های محیطی در مزارع عمومی متعلق به مالکیت در اندلس اسپانیا-2021 A major problem faced by government as trustee of society charged with conserving the nation’s forest envi-
ronmental asset is that the standard Economic Account for Forestry (EAF) fails to measure the contribution of
nature to total forest incomes and environmental assets. In the context of this government mission, the debate
arises with regard to how to uncover the contribution of nature to the total forest incomes enjoyed by people
through a refined accounting framework which extends the EAF. The latter is applied by the statistics office to
estimate the values added of timber, firewood, cork, resin, industrial nut and other non-woody final products of
the forest at national/sub-national scale. Bearing in mind this narrow scope of the EAF, this research proposes the
application of the experimental Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), which extends the forest incomes and
environmental asset estimates by applying simulated exchange values stated/revealed by consumers for non-
market public goods and services. We apply the EAF and AAS frameworks to 12 large publicly-owned pro-
tected conifer forest farms which are not available for sale on the competitive land market and which cover an
area of 47,262 ha in Andalusia-Spain. In this conifer farm case study, the EAF considers the economic activities of
timber, firewood, aromatic plants and residential service. The AAS adds to the EAF activities those of grazing,
conservation forestry, hunting, livestock, agricultural crops, livestock-keeper private amenity, fire services, free
access recreation, mushrooms, carbon, landscape conservation, threatened wild biodiversity and water supply
runoff stored lower down the watershed in public reservoirs. The objectives of this conifer farm case study are,
first, to compare the final products and incomes estimated by applying the EAF and AAS frameworks and, second,
to measure the sensitivity of conifer farm environmental assets to changes in land ownership rights and dis-
counting rates in accordance with the AAS results. The conifer farm results show total income measured by the
AAS is 38 times higher than the EAF net value added (NVA) for the 2010 period. The AAS economic activities of
forestry conservation, fire services and landscape conservation activities generate 71% of the conifer farm labour
compensation. The AAS opening environmental asset measured at the assumed competitive real baseline dis-
counting rate of 3% is 6371.6 €/ha, which is 3.7 times lower than it would be if the conifer farm was available for
sale on the competitive land market. The change in the baseline discounting rate chosen, from 3% to 1.5%, would
lead to an increase of 116% in the value of the opening environmental asset. The above results reveal the
inconsistent EAF measurement of total conifer farm incomes. The sensitivity analysis underlines the important
effects on the environmental asset arising from changes in land ownership rights and discounting rates. keywords: حساب اقتصادی برای جنگلداری | سیستم حساب های ملی | سیستم حسابداری جنگلداری | خدمات محیط زیستی | درآمد زیست محیطی | Economic account for forestry | System of national accounts | Agroforestry accounting system | Ecosystem services | Environmental income |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Reprint of: Quantifying direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of the Chinese tourism industry
چاپ مجدد: تعیین میزان انتشار دی اکسید کربن مستقیم و غیر مستقیم صنعت گردشگری چینی-2017 Under the background of greenhouse gases emission reduction, the measurement of carbon emissions
from the tourism industry has attracted increasing academic attention. Tourism is not a traditional sector
in the System of National Accounts, and as a result the statistics of carbon dioxide emissions of the
tourism industry on a national scale is difficult to calculate. The measurement methodology of a bottom
up approach and a top-down approach were mainly used in others studies. Utilizing a boundary that
includes domestic tourism consumption, inbound tourism consumption, and tourism consumption
incurring domestically in relation to outbound travel and airfares paid to the national carriers, a top
down approach is used to measure the national tourism dioxide emissions combining the Tourism
Satellite Account and the InputeOutput model from productive industry. Using this case study, it was
calculated that the total carbon emissions of the Chinese tourism industry in 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2010
were 111.49 Mt, 141.88 Mt, 169.76 Mt and 208.4 Mt respectively, accounting for 2.489%, 2.425%, 2.439%
and 2.447% respectively of the total carbon emission of all industries in China. The indirect carbon
emissions by other tourism sectors except the transport sector were 3e4 times their direct carbon
emissions. Compared with the manufacturing industry, the tourism industry is an industry of low
pollution and low energy consumption. We discuss the advantage and shortcoming of the two ap
proaches and put forward some suggestions to assist the research of tourism carbon emissions.
Keywords: Tourism industry | Carbon emission | Inputeoutput model | Tourism satellite account | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |