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نتیجه جستجو - United States

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 221
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Disintegration testing augmented by computer Vision technology
آزمایش تجزیه با فناوری Vision کامپیوتری تقویت شده است-2022
Oral solid dosage forms, specifically immediate release tablets, are prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry. Disintegration testing is often the first step of commercialization and large-scale production of these dosage forms. Current disintegration testing in the pharmaceutical industry, according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapter 〈701〉, only gives information about the duration of the tablet disintegration process. This infor- mation is subjective, variable, and prone to human error due to manual or physical data collection methods via the human eye or contact disks. To lessen the data integrity risk associated with this process, efforts have been made to automate the analysis of the disintegration process using digital lens and other imaging technologies. This would provide a non-invasive method to quantitatively determine disintegration time through computer algorithms. The main challenges associated with developing such a system involve visualization of tablet pieces through cloudy and turbid liquid. The Computer Vision for Disintegration (CVD) system has been developed to be used along with traditional pharmaceutical disintegration testing devices to monitor tablet pieces and distinguish them from the surrounding liquid. The software written for CVD utilizes data captured by cameras or other lenses then uses mobile SSD and CNN, with an OpenCV and FRCNN machine learning model, to analyze and interpret the data. This technology is capable of consistently identifying tablets with ≥ 99.6% accuracy. Not only is the data produced by CVD more reliable, but it opens the possibility of a deeper understanding of disintegration rates and mechanisms in addition to duration.
keywords: از هم پاشیدگی | اشکال خوراکی جامد | تست تجزیه | یادگیری ماشین | شبکه های عصبی | Disintegration | Oral Solid Dosage Forms | Disintegration Test | Machine Learning | Neural Networks
مقاله انگلیسی
2 The politics behind scientific knowledge: Sustainable forest management in Latin America
سیاست پشت دانش علمی: مدیریت جنگل پایدار در آمریکای لاتین-2021
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) seeks to achieve an equilibrium in the economic, social and environ- mental value of all types of forests. This practice contrasts with the conventional view of managing forests, in which the focus is productivity. Thus, discussions about conventional forest management versus sustainable forest management play a central role in the political and scientific agendas. However, knowledge production and its direction can be biased by different contextual factors such as the way funding is assigned by each country, institutional priorities, and constraints on international cooperation. With this paper, we aim to analyze the contribution of scientific knowledge produced in Latin America within the sustainable forest management research landscape by applying a literature review method (Scopus database for 2015–2018 period). Our results show a similar contribution of national and foreign funds and institutions supporting scientific knowledge about SFM in Latin America. Foreign funding comes mainly from United States of America, and Europe. Latin American authors lead high proportion of scientific articles, and authorship gender was more equitable between male and female researchers. The studies were mostly focused on conservation combined with productivity goals, as well as pure conservation goals, although social studies and restoration goals were also present. Our findings highlight a significant contribution to the paradigm shift in half of the scientific articles. Some studies provided recom- mendations (specific or general) derived from their results, but we did not detected a clear relationship with funding origin. Moreover, we found that the high contribution to the paradigm shift (studies supporting SFM instead of traditional management) came from institutions based in Latin America. This article aims to contribute to discussions related to scientific funding in Latin America, the North-South scientific relations, and the future of forest in times of climate change.
keywords: سیاست های جنگلداری | همکاری بین المللی | بررسی ادبیات | منابع طبیعی | تحقیق و توسعه | بودجه پژوهشی | Forestry policies | International cooperation | Literature review | Natural resources | Research and development | Research funding
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Code as constitution: The negotiation of a uniform accounting code for U:S: railway corporations and the moral justification of stakeholder claims on wealth
کد به عنوان قانون اساسی: مذاکره در مورد یک کد حسابداری یکسان برای شرکت های راه آهن ایالات متحده و توجیه اخلاقی ادعاهای سهامداران در مورد ثروت-2021
Economic historians of the United States identify the railway industry of the nineteenth century as the birthplace of existing institutions of corporate finance, law, and labor relations (Chandler, 1990; Perrow, 2002; Thomas, 2011). This paper shows that the railway industry was also an important arena for the standardization of corporate accounting in the U. S., and that railway accountants played a significant role in the federal government’s earliest attempts to regulate large corporations. The paper describes how railway accountants worked with the first federal regulator of corporations, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), created by act of Congress in 1887, to create a uniform accounting code for the railway industry. This code was designed by the prominent economist and ICC statistician Henry Carter Adams to serve as a mechanism for the administrative supervision of railway corporations: a “cognitive equivalent of a constitution” (Starr, 1987, p. 53) that would promote economic democracy by protecting the property rights of non-controlling stakeholders in the railway system: shippers who used the trains to send goods to markets, long-term investors in railway shares and bonds, consumers of shipped goods, and members of the communities that the railways connected and employed. Railway accountants working with Adams created the rules for answering “potentially divisive questions of fact” (Starr, 1987, p. 53) about who contributed how much to the assets and profits of the railway corporation, and thus provided moral justification for how claims on those assets and profits were distributed.
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Lessons learned from development of natural capital accounts in the United States and European Union
درس های آموخته شده از توسعه حساب های سرمایه طبیعی در ایالات متحده و اتحادیه اروپا-2021
The United States and European Union (EU) face common challenges in managing natural capital and balancing conservation and resource use with consumption of other forms of capital. This paper synthesizes findings from 11 individual application papers from a special issue of Ecosystem Services on natural capital accounting (NCA) and their application to the public and private sectors in the EU and U.S. NCA is inherently a data-integration centered exercise, aiming to draw new insights by realigning environmental and economic data into a consis- tent framework. Drawing primarily on papers from the special issue and other key NCA literature, we identify lessons learned and gaps remaining for NCA’s development and application to decision making. In doing so, we identify eight key similarities and three major differences in NCA development, status, and application between the U.S. and EU. NCA can be highly policy relevant: special issue papers address critical issues including agri- culture, water, conservation/land-use planning, climate, and corporate decision making. In both the U.S. and EU, further application is needed to drive demand for the accounts’ production. Based on these experiences, the U.S. and EU can be important leaders in cross-sector, international collaboration toward next-generation environ- mental economic accounts that advance global NCA practice.
keywords: حسابداری طبیعی سرمایه | حسابداری بخش خصوصی | سیستم حسابداری محیطی-اقتصادی- | ING (رادیو) | چارچوب مرکزی Seea | حسابداری اکوسیستم Seea | Natural capital accounting | Private-sector accounting | System of Environmental-Economic Account- | ing (SEEA) | SEEA Central Framework | SEEA Ecosystem Accounting
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Associations of Vision Impairment and Eye Diseases With Memory Decline Over 4 Years in China and the United States
ارتباط اختلالات بینایی و بیماریهای چشمی با کاهش حافظه بیش از 4 سال در چین و ایالات متحده-2021
• PURPOSE: To examine whether vision impairment and eye diseases are independently associated with memory decline in older adults. • DESIGN: Cohort study. • METHODS: We included 8,315 participants aged 50- 94 years in China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from China and 8,939 participants aged 50-95 years in Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from the United States in our analysis. • RESULTS: During 4.0 years’ follow-up, the composite memory decreased by 0.16 points in CHARLS. During 3.9 years’ follow-up, the composite memory decreased by 0.51 in HRS. Distance vision impairment was inversely associated with an annual change in composite memory (β [95% CI]: –0.07 [–0.12, –0.01]) and immediate memory (–0.04 [–0.07, –0.02]) in CHARLS, and the corresponding values in HRS were –0.19 (–0.34, –0.05) and –0.07 (–0.13, –0.00), respectively. Near vision impairment was inversely associated with an annual change in delayed memory in CHARLS and composite memory, immediate memory, and delayed memory in HRS. In HRS, the association between distance vision impairment and memory decline was observed in individuals aged <65 years (β [95% CI]: –0.54 [–0.78, –0.30]) but not in those aged ≥65 years (–0.01 [–0.20, 0.18]). Cataract surgery or glaucoma was not significantly associated with memory decline in either CHARLS or HRS. • CONCLUSION: Distance vision impairment was independently associated with an accelerated rate of memory decline in both China and the United States. Near vision impairment was predictive of decline in delayed memory in China and of decline in composite, immediate, and delayed memory in the United States. (Am J Ophthalmol 2021;228: 16–26. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
مقاله انگلیسی
6 American business cycles 1889–1913: An accounting approach
چرخه های تجاری آمریکا 1889-1913: یک رویکرد حسابداری-2021
This paper quantitatively investigates the Depression of the 1890s and the 1907 recession in the United States. Business Cycle Accounting decomposes economic fluctuations into their contributing factors. The results suggest that both the 1890s and the 1907 recessions were primarily caused by factors that affect the efficiency wedge, i.e. slumps in the economy’s factor productivity. Distortions to the labor wedge played a less important role. Models with financial market frictions that translate into the efficiency wedge are the most promising candidates for explaining the recessionary episodes.
keywords: Business cycles Depression of the 1890s | Recession of 1907
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Hybrid simulation models for spare parts supply chain considering 3D printing capabilities
مدل های شبیه سازی ترکیبی برای زنجیره تامین قطعات یدکی با توجه به قابلیت های چاپ سه بعدی-2021
In the era of Industry 4.0, 3D printing unlocks a wide array of solutions to rapidly-produce spare parts for maintenance operations. In this research, we propose a hybrid simulation approach, combining agent-based and discrete event simulation methods, to investigate how the adoption of 3D printing technologies to manufacture spare parts for maintenance operations will improve operational efficiency and effectiveness. Specifically, our framework is applied to the United States Navy’s fighter jet maintenance operations to study various network configurations, where 3D printing facilities may be centralized, decentralized, or hub configured. System performance in terms of the total cost, timeliness of delivery, and vulnerability under disruptions such as cyber- attacks and emergencies are evaluated. Lastly, the impact of 3D printing technological advancements on operational performance is investigated to obtain managerial insights.
Keywords: 3D printing | Hybrid simulation | Maintenance operations | Supply chain network configuration
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Consumption responses to COVID-19 payments: Evidence from a natural experiment and bank account data
پاسخ های مصرف به پرداخت های Covid-19: شواهد از یک آزمایش طبیعی و اطلاعات حساب بانکی-2021
The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdowns have had severe impacts on household budgets around the world. A large number of studies have documented drastic declines in income, spending, and debt payments in various countries, including the United States ( Baker et al., 2020a; Chetty et al., 2020; Coibion et al., 2020a; Cox et al., 2020 ), the United King- dom ( Hacioglu et al., 2020; Carvalho et al., 2020 ), Spain ( García-Montalvo and Reynal-Querol, 2020 ), Sweden and Denmark ( Sheridan et al., 2020 ), and Japan ( Watanabe, 2020 ). Moreover, the pandemic shock disproportionately affected groups with certain socioeconomic backgrounds and from different sectors; for instance, those in the face-to-face service industry, those
keywords: مصرف | بانک | کووید -19 | محرک | تمایل حاشیه ای برای مصرف | آزمایش طبیعی | ژاپن | Consumption | Bank | COVID-19 | Stimulus | Marginal propensity to consume | Natural experiment | Japan
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Persistent current account imbalances: Are they good or bad for regional and global growth?
عدم تعادل حساب جاری مداوم: آیا آنها برای رشد منطقه ای و جهانی خوب یا بد هستند؟-2021
This paper examines the regional and global growth effects of current account imbalances in Japan, Germany, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—the three largest persistent surplus countries—and the United States and United Kingdom, the two largest persistent deficit countries. Controlling for a set of macroeconomic determinants, we use a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) framework to show that positive shocks to current account balances in the PRC, Germany, and Japan transmit positive regional and global growth effects, particularly in the case of spillovers to regional growth from Japan. As expected, the global growth response is lower in magnitude than the regional growth response. In addition, the extent of the effect is amplified by global value chains, pointing to the significant role played by trade in intermediate goods. For current account deficit countries, the magnitudes of the responses of growth to shocks are much lower on average than in the case of current account surplus countries. We find some marginal positive effects on regional and global growth emanating from a positive shock on the UK current account—i.e., a reduction in the deficit. For the US, a positive shock to its persistent current account deficit marginally drags on global growth, possibly reflecting declining import demand and wealth effects linked to the US dollar’s status as the global reserve currency. Our findings have important policy implications, particularly in light of discussions in recent years on whether current account surplus countries are hindering growth abroad.
keywords: عدم تعادل حساب جاری | عدم تعادل اقتصاد کلان | رشد اقتصادی | Current account imbalances | Macroeconomic imbalances | Economic growth
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Mental accounts with horizon and asymmetry preferences
حسابهای ذهنی با ترجیحات افق و نامتقارن-2021
This paper extends mental accounting theory with an investment horizon and asymmetric trade-off between extreme gains and losses. This horizon-asymmetry mental accounting (HAMA) framework widens the spectrum of investors’ optimal portfolio choices considerably. Risk aversion, implied from the mean-variance portfolio theory, and the bond-to-stock ratio decline with the investment horizon. HAMA investors with a large gain–loss asymmetry trade-off are more concerned about skewness and kurtosis rather than variance. To apply the model to United States stock data, we develop a parsimonious semi-parametric version of HAMA that relies on the moments of return distributions. The analysis of optimal portfolios shows that investors who care significantly about upside potential hold asymmetric, leptokurtic, and less diversified allocations.
keywords: حساب های ذهنی | انتخاب نمونه کارها | افق | پتانسیل صعودی | خطر گریزی | Mental accounts | Portfolio choice | Horizon | Upside potential | Risk aversion
مقاله انگلیسی
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