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Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis
عوامل خطر برای صدمه به خود در زندان: یک بررسی سیستماتیک و فراتحلیل-2020 Background Self-harm is a leading cause of morbidity in prisoners. Although a wide range of risk factors for self-harm
in prisoners has been identified, the strength and consistency of effect sizes is uncertain. We aimed to synthesise
evidence and assess the risk factors associated with self-harm inside prison.
Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web
of Science, and PsycINFO) for observational studies on risk factors for self-harm in prisoners published from database
inception to Oct 31, 2019, supplemented through correspondence with authors of studies. We included primary
studies involving adults sampled from general prison populations who self-harmed in prison and a comparison
group without self-harm in prison. We excluded studies with qualitative or ecological designs, those that reported on
lifetime measures of self-harm or on selected samples of prisoners, and those with a comparison group that was not
appropriate or not based on general prison populations. Data were extracted from the articles and requested from
study authors. Our primary outcome was the risk of self-harm for risk factors in prisoners. We pooled effect sizes as
odds ratios (OR) using random effects models for each risk factor examined in at least three distinct samples. We
assessed study quality on the basis of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and examined between-study heterogeneity. The
study protocol was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42018087915.
Findings We identified 35 independent studies from 20 countries comprising a total of 663 735 prisoners, of whom
24 978 (3·8%) had self-harmed in prison. Across the 40 risk factors examined, the strongest associations with self-harm
in prison were found for suicide-related antecedents, including current or recent suicidal ideation (OR 13·8, 95% CI
8·6–22·1; I²=49%), lifetime history of suicidal ideation (8·9, 6·1–13·0; I²=56%), and previous self-harm (6·6, 5·3–8·3;
I²=55%). Any current psychiatric diagnosis was also strongly associated with self-harm (8·1, 7·0–9·4; I²=0%), particularly
major depression (9·3, 2·9–29·5; I²=91%) and borderline personality disorder (9·2, 3·7–22·5; I²=81%). Prison-specific
environmental risk factors for self-harm included solitary confinement (5·6, 2·7–11·6; I²=98%), disciplinary infractions
(3·5, 1·2–9·7; I²=99%), and experiencing sexual or physical victimisation while in prison (3·2, 2·1–4·8; I²=44%).
Sociodemographic (OR range 1·5–2·5) and criminological (1·8–2·3) factors were only modestly associated with selfharm
in prison. We did not find clear evidence of publication bias.
Interpretation The wide range of risk factors across clinical and custody-related domains underscores the need for a
comprehensive, prison-wide approach towards preventing self-harm in prison. This approach should incorporate
both population and targeted strategies, with multiagency collaboration between the services for mental health, social
care, and criminal justice having a key role. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Homelessness and police-recorded crime victimisation: a nationwide, register-based cohort study
بی خانمانی و جرم و جنایت ثبت شده توسط پلیس :، یک مطالعه گروهی مبتنی بر ثبت نام در سراسر کشور -2020 Background Homelessness is associated with crime victimisation, which is a leading cause of death, exacerbates
health problems, and increases the risk of violence. We aimed to study the risk of police-recorded crime victimisation
in individuals with experiences of homelessness compared with the general population.
Methods We did a nationwide, register-based cohort study of people aged 15 years or older, who were alive in 2001 and
born in Denmark between 1980 and 2001. The cohort was constructed using the Danish Civil Registration System,
with data linked across other registries (including the Danish Homeless Register, Danish Psychiatric Central Research
Register, and the Danish Central Crime Register) by use of personal identification numbers. The exposure, experience
of homelessness, was defined as at least one contact with a homeless shelter. The outcome was the date of first policerecorded
crime victimisation. We calculated incidence rates per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and
cumulative probability of any crime victimisation and of violent crime victimisation. Psychiatric disorders,
socioeconomic markers, and history of criminal offences were included as confounders.
Findings Within the study period (Jan 1, 2001, to Dec 31, 2015), 1 182 749 individuals (9 831 776 person-years) aged
15–35 years were included, of which 184 813 (15·6%) had at least one crime victimisation incident (73 999 [40%] of
which were violent victimisations). 4286 individuals (22 240 person-years) had at least one homeless shelter contact.
Relative to the general population, and adjusting for age and calendar year, individuals with experience of homelessness
had an increased risk of any crime victimisation (IRR 2∙7 [95% CI 2∙4–3∙0]) in females and 2∙3 [2∙1–2∙5] in males),
and especially of violent crime victimisation (7∙2 [6∙3–8∙2] in females and 3∙6 [3∙2–4∙0] in males). This increased
risk remained significant after further adjustments for potential confounders. People with both a psychiatric diagnosis
and experience of homelessness had the highest risk of violent victimisation (IRR 10·1 [95% CI 8·6–11·9] in females
and 4·3 [3·8–4·9] in males), while people with no psychiatric diagnosis or experience of homelessness (the reference
group) had the lowest risk. In the 5 years after an individual’s first homeless shelter contact, the cumulative
probabilities of any crime victimisation were 23% (95% CI 21–26) in females and 16% (15–18) in males, which were
substantially higher than those of the general population.
Interpretation Homeless populations are at substantially increased risk of crime victimisation, highlighting the need
for strategic and targeted approaches to prevent homelessness and to help people out of homelessness. Improvements
in multiagency working (such as between homeless shelters, health-care services, substance misuse services, and police
forces) might be important to reduce the risk of victimisation in marginalised populations, such as those with complex
psychiatric or social problems, with experience of homelessness. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Ethical loneliness and the development of a victim-focused approach to rape cases in South Africa
تنهایی اخلاقی و توسعه رویکرد متمرکز بر قربانیان در مورد پرونده های تجاوز جنسی در آفریقای جنوبی-2019 In this article, I focus on the rape trial of the former South African president, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma. I have
chosen this specific case as it was extensively documented, both in the media and academically, with the main
focus being on how the court had relied on gender-stereotyping in coming to its conclusion that the accused was
not guilty as well as the degrading onslaught the victim experienced by communities around her. I look at the
courts reliance on evidence of previous sexual history in finding that the complainant (Khwezi) was, in fact, an
unreliable witness. I endeavour to show how the reliance of the court on rape stereotypes can be humiliating,
degrading and one of the causes of secondary victimisation. I argue that Khwezis harmful experience of the
criminal justice system is common to many victims in rape cases. I then proceed to argue that the experience of
Khwezi (and many other rape survivors) can be described as what Stauffer calls, ‘ethical loneliness’. As one outlet
for this loneliness, I suggest the development of the South African criminal law, which can be applied to criminal
law universally, to shift the focus of rape trials from being accused-focused to victim-focused. Through this
process, I argue, that law can begin to influence change in the reluctance of society to hear the story of rape
survivors and help to create a safe space in communities for survivors to be heard. Keywords: Rape | Secondary-victimisation | Criminal law | Criminal trials | Victim-focused | Silencing | Evidence |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Effects of and coping strategies for stalking victimisation in Spain: Consequences for its criminalisation
اثرات و راهبردهای مقابله ای برای قربانی کردن ابزاری در اسپانیا: پیامدهای جرم انگاری آن-2019 A well-developed understanding of how stalking affects victims and of the coping strategies they
use can be useful in the current context of its incrimination in several western European countries.
To explore these themes a study was conducted with a subsample of 152 young adult
victims obtained from a sample of 1162 Spanish university students. The current study examines
the psychological consequences of stalking behaviours for victims and the strategies they used to
stop stalking. These findings show that the most prevalent emotional responses in victims,
strongly influenced by the previous victim-offender relationship, were anger (71.1%), annoyance
(71.1%) and fear (51.3%). The majority of self-identified victims had also experienced some sort
of adverse psychological consequence (81.6%), albeit of lower intensity and significantly related
to the victims sex. Besides, virtually all the victims (97.4%) took some coping measures, although
reporting the incident was not usual, as only 19.1% of the cases of stalking were brought
to the attention of the police. Keywords: Stalking | Victimisation | Effects | Emotional responses | Coping strategies |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Understanding the relationship between cyber-victimisation and cyber-bullying on Social Network Sites: The role of moderating factors
درک رابطه بین قربانی سایبری و تهدید سایبری در شبکه های اجتماعی: نقش عوامل تعدیل -2017 The strongest predictor of engagement in cyber-bullying is having experienced cyber-victimisation oneself. We
examined the extent to which trait (moral disengagement, cognitive empathy, affective empathy), demographic
(age, sex), and situational factors (Internet use, parental Internet monitoring) moderated the strength of the re
lationship between victimisation and bullying on Social Network Sites (SNSs). We surveyed 175 adolescents (M
age = 14.82 years; SD = 1.52; 53% male) who had a SNS profile. Higher moral disengagement strengthened the
cyber victim-bully relationship, whereas greater parental monitoring weakened this relationship. Neither affec
tive nor cognitive empathy, age, sex, nor time online moderated the relationship. Overall, 30% to 48% of the var
iance in cyber-bullying frequency was explained. The results suggest that cyber-bullying interventions need to
also focus on experiences of victimisation and that reducing the adolescents moral disengagement and educating
parents about the importance of monitoring adolescent Internet use would be most effective.
Keywords: Cyber-bullying | Cyber-victimisation | Moral disengagement | Empathy | Social Network Sites |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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قربانی شدن در طی و پس از جنگ یافته های تجربی از بوسنی
سال انتشار: 2016 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 21 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 31 توافقنامه های صلح دیتون در دسامبر 1995، پایان رسمی جنگ در بوسنی را اعلام کردند، کشوری که از اوایل 1992 مورد هجوم واقع شده بود و تلفات عظیم جمعیت و نابودی بی اندازه ی زیرساخت های و میراث های فرهنگی را به خود دیده بود. کشتارهای دسته جمعی، اعدام های غیر قانونی، شکنجه، تجاوز، بازداشت غیرقانونی، جابجایی های اجباری، غارت و تخریب مکان های مذهبی و فرهنگی از عواقب شایع این جنگ بود و حدود 100 هزار نفر کشته و 2/2 میلیون نفر آواره، تخمین زده شد. این توافق نامه ها کشور را به دو هویت مستقل تقسیم کرد: فدراسیون بوسنی و هرزگوین که عمده ساکنان آن جمعیت بوسنیایی و بوسنی های کروات بودند، و جمهوری صربستان که عمدتا شامل صربهای بوسنیایی بودند. در این توافق نامه ها همچنین مداخلات گسترده ای توسط جامعه ی بین المللی هم در امورات نظامی و هم غیر نظامی در دوران پس از جنگ ارائه شده است. این پیچیدگی بر پیچیدگی های مربوط به عدالت انتقالی بوسنی افزود و هرگونه پژوهش درباره ی واقعیات جنگی و پس از جنگ را مشکل کرد. بحث راجع به قربانی شدن و عدالت پس از جنگ در دست نخبگان- سیاسی، اقتصادی، و جامعه ی مدنی- است، چه در سطح کشور و چه در سطح بین الملل، و از این رو دیدگاه ها و انتظارات جمعیت محلی این کشور به ندرت به ثبت رسیده است چه رسد به اینکه مورد بررسی قرار بگیرد. اگرچه در طی دهه ی اخیر شاهد رشد و توسعه ی سریع پژوهش های تجربی در حوزه ی موقعیت پس از جنگ، و گاهی نزاع های در حال وقوع بوده ایم، اما آنها هنوز یک استثنا هستند که حاکمیت موجود را تایید می کنند (ICTJ, 2004; ICTJ, 2006; ICTJ, 2007). با این وجود، پژوهش های ما که مبتنی بر جمعیت هستند، منابع اطلاعاتی ارزشمند و اضافی را ارائه می دهند که توجهاتی جدی و مهمی را به خود جلب کرده است. |
مقاله ترجمه شده |