دانلود و نمایش مقالات مرتبط با Women::صفحه 5
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نتیجه جستجو - Women

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 210
ردیف عنوان نوع
41 Public awareness of forensic odontology and willingness to enroll in a prospective dental registry: A survey conducted in Saudi Arabia
آگاهی عمومی از دندانپزشکی پزشکی قانونی و تمایل به ثبت نام در یک رجیستری دندانپزشکی احتمالی: یک نظر سنجی انجام شده در عربستان سعودی-2020
Background: The establishment of a national dental registry provides a great opportunity for the healthcare and criminal investigation systems. Its feasibility would rely mainly upon public knowledge and a willingness to contribute dental profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness among the Saudi public of forensic odontology and to evaluate their willingness to participate in a prospective national dental registry. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on a self-administered survey questionnaire was conducted in 2018 at the Al-Janadriyah National Festival in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Visitors were questioned about their demographic data and responded to 20 knowledge statements using the alternatives ‘‘correct”, ‘‘incorrect”, or ‘‘don’t know”. Their perception towards registries was assessed using 15 statements and a 5-point Likert scale. The percentage mean score (PMS) of knowledge, the mean positive response rate (MPRR) of participant perception, and their willingness to participate in a prospective dental registry were assessed with respect to their demographic characteristics. Results: Complete surveys were received from 812 study participants (85.5% response rate). The PMS ± standard deviation of knowledge was 39.8 ± 22.5 and the MPRR of perception was 64.7 ± 25.5. More than two-thirds of the responders (n = 548, 67.5%) indicated a willingness to register in a future national dental registry. Differences in knowledge were identified with regard to sex, marital status, education, and occupation, while differences in perception and willingness to enroll were influenced by sex. After adjustment for possible confounders, female participants and employed participants were 1.7 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.4) and 1.6 times [95% CI= 1.1–2.5] more likely to enroll in the proposed registry (P = 0.004 and P = 0.03, respectively). Higher knowledge and perception scores were associated with more willingness to enroll in the national dental registry (adjusted [adj.] P = 0.03 and adj. P <0.001, respectively). Conclusions: A future national dental registry in Saudi Arabia is expected to be well-received by the public. An improvement in the public’s knowledge regarding the importance of forensic dentistry is expected to encourage their active enrollment in such a registry. Although women and employed participants were more willing to enroll, it is too early to predict the rates of participation, given the fact that nationwide marketing surveys have yet to be launched.
KEYWORDS : Perception | Knowledge | National | Dental | Registry | Forensic | Saudi
مقاله انگلیسی
42 A closer look at labour market status and crime among a general population sample of young men and women
نگاهی دقیق به وضعیت بازار کار و جرم و جنایت در بین یک نمونه جمعیت عمومی از زنان و مردان جوان-2020
Those in the most criminally active age groups are facing particular difficulties in entering the labour market and accumulating stable work experiences. This study uses a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents to examine how different labour market statuses are associated with crime. Both for men and women, withinindividual variation in employment is inversely linked to all crime measures considered, albeit to a different extent. In addition, qualitatively different categories of non-employment (e.g., non-participation without legitimate reason, studying, being on parental leave) are distinctly associated with crime. The findings underscore the importance of a detailed conceptualization of labour market status in research that aligns with the changed nature of employment and approximates the actual labour market experiences of young adults.
Keywords: Crime | Labour market status | Employment | Unemployment | Non-participation | Gender
مقاله انگلیسی
43 Training, human capital, and gender gaps in entrepreneurial performance
آموزش ، سرمایه انسانی و شکاف های جنسیتی در عملکرد کارآفرینی-2020
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, policymakers have been increasingly striving to support female entrepreneurship as a possible growth driver. This paper contributes to reconciling mixed findings in the literature on the effectiveness of entrepreneurial training with an analysis that links training and human capital, including tertiary education and non-cognitive skills, with gender gaps in entrepreneurial performance in Africa. We have found that while financial literacy training directly benefits men, it does not raise the sales levels of women entrepreneurs. Instead, tertiary education has a direct positive link with the performance of women. Consistent with our theoretical model where different skills are complements, tertiary education can act as a channel that makes training effective. Regarding non-cognitive skills, evidence shows that women entrepreneurs who are tenacious achieve stronger sales performance. Our results underscore the importance of including tertiary edu- cation and entrepreneurial training programs focused on a balanced set of skills, including non-cognitive skills, among policies for women entrepreneurs.
Keywords: Female entrepreneurship | Training | Non-cognitive skills | Tertiary education
مقاله انگلیسی
44 The contraceptive needs and pregnancy desires of women after incarceration: A qualitative study
نیازهای پیشگیری از بارداری و تمایلات بارداری زنان پس از حبس: یک مطالعه کیفی-2020
Objective: Prior qualitative research with women incarcerated at Rikers Island Jail asked women to anticipate their future contraceptive needs and pregnancy desires upon re-entering the community. We conduct this follow-up study to understand better the actual contraceptive needs and pregnancy desires experienced by women after incarceration. Study Design: We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews in New York City in 2014 with 10 women incarcerated within the past three years. We coded transcripts using an iterative process, identified emerging themes, and stopped recruitment after reaching thematic saturation. Results: Most participants desired to wait to become pregnant until they had stable housing, income, and employment. A few faced systemic barriers to obtaining contraception, including the process of reapplying for insurance and obtaining medical appointments. For many, incarceration disrupted their use of contraception, insurance status, and relationship with trusted medical providers. Most women lacked trust in the new health professionals they encountered after incarceration. Conclusions: Incarceration disrupted medical care in general, and contraceptive care in particular. Assistance should be provided to re-apply for insurance, make appointments, and support women to see trusted health professionals. Implications: Incarceration further disenfranchises an already marginalized community through disrupting access to medical care and constrains women’s reproductive autonomy long after return to the community.
Keywords: Contraception | Criminal justice | Incarceration
مقاله انگلیسی
45 Innovation and the entrepreneurial performance in women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Pakistan
نوآوری و عملکرد کارآفرینی در شرکت های کوچک و متوسط متعلق به زنان در پاکستان-2020
Purpose: This study is an attempt to examine the impact of entrepreneurship and innovation on the entrepreneurial performance of women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Pakistan. The study also investigates the mediating role of innovation in the relationship between entrepreneurship and performance in women-owned businesses from emerging economy of Pakistan. Methodology/Approach: Data was collected from the 261 registered women entrepreneurs from all the fifteen Pakistani womens chambers of commerce and industries by employing self-administered questionnaires for complementing a comprehensive literature review on innovation and womens entrepreneurship and performance. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and factor analysis. Findings: The results show a significant direct relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and the entrepreneurial performance. The two entrepreneurial traits, namely risk taking tendency and the need for achievement have a significant effect on innovation and the entrepreneurial performance. Moreover, innovation has a direct relationship with performance and also it mediates the entrepreneurship- performance link of women- owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Pakistan. Research limitations: The present study is limited to only women entrepreneurs who are registered with the chambers of commerce and industries in Pakistan. Women entrepreneurs associated with federations and several women business development centers have not been considered in the population. Practical implications: This study emphasizes the significance of entrepreneurship to innovation and the entrepreneurial performance in women-owned SMEs. It is a major contribution to understanding the existing practices and theories of entrepreneurship and innovation in enterprises. In order to improve performance and innovation, management should focus and promote risk taking and the need for achievement. The government should initiate support programs for womens entrepreneurial activities; promote fair competition between men and women and give special grants to women entrepreneurs in order to improve their performance.
Keywords: Innovation | Womens entrepreneurship | Small and medium-sized enterprises | Entrepreneurial performance | Mediator
مقاله انگلیسی
46 Are early stage investors biased against women?
Are early stage investors biased against women?-2020
We study whether early stage investors have gender biases using a proprietary data set from AngelList that allows us to observe private interactions between investors and fundraising startups. We find that male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs. These findings do not appear to be driven by within-gender screening/monitoring advantages or gender differences in risk preferences. Moreover, the male-led startups that male investors express interest in do not outperform the female-led startups they express interest in—they underperform. Overall, the evidence is consistent with gender biases.
Keywords: ender gap | Entrepreneurship | Angel investors | Bias
مقاله انگلیسی
47 Is testosterone linked to human aggression? A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between baseline, dynamic, and manipulated testosterone on human aggression
آیا تستوسترون با پرخاشگری انسان ارتباط دارد؟ بررسی فرا تحلیلی رابطه بین تستوسترون پایه ، پویا و دستکاری شده بر پرخاشگری انسان-2020
Testosterone is often considered a critical regulator of aggressive behaviour. There is castration/replacement evidence that testosterone indeed drives aggression in some species, but causal evidence in humans is generally lacking and/or—for the few studies that have pharmacologically manipulated testosterone concentrations— inconsistent. More often researchers have examined differences in baseline testosterone concentrations between groups known to differ in aggressiveness (e.g., violent vs non-violent criminals) or within a given sample using a correlational approach. Nevertheless, testosterone is not static but instead fluctuates in response to cues of challenge in the environment, and these challenge-induced fluctuations may more strongly regulate situation-specific aggressive behaviour. Here, we quantitatively summarize literature from all three approaches (baseline, change, and manipulation), providing the most comprehensive meta-analysis of these testosterone-aggression associations/effects in humans to date. Baseline testosterone shared a weak but significant association with aggression (r=0.054, 95% CIs [0.028, 0.080]), an effect that was stronger and significant in men (r=0.071, 95% CIs [0.041, 0.101]), but not women (r=0.002, 95% CIs [−0.041, 0.044]). Changes in T were positively correlated with aggression (r=0.108, 95% CIs [0.041, 0.174]), an effect that was also stronger and significant in men (r=0.162, 95% CIs [0.076, 0.246]), but not women (r=0.010, 95% CIs [−0.090, 0.109]). The causal effects of testosterone on human aggression were weaker yet, and not statistically significant (r=0.046, 95% CIs [−0.015, 0.108]). We discuss the multiple moderators identified here (e.g., offender status of samples, sex) and elsewhere that may explain these generally weak effects. We also offer suggestions regarding methodology and sample sizes to best capture these associations in future work.
Keywords: Challenge hypothesis | Androgens | Sex differences | Pharmacological challenge
مقاله انگلیسی
48 Intimate partner homicide: A meta-analysis of risk factors
قتل شریک صمیمی: فراتحلیل عوامل خطر-2020
Homicide in intimate relationships is one of the most prevalent causes of death for women worldwide. This metaanalysis aims to identify and integrate, through analytical and statistical methodologies, the risk factors associated with intimate partner homicide. The research was performed in different databases and led to the inclusion of 28 empirical articles in this meta-analysis. Only quantitative papers with a comparison group (nonfatal perpetrators, other homicides, intimate partner homicide followed by suicide) were considered for this meta-analysis. The results showed that the risk factors related to abusive couple dynamics (threatening the victim with a weapon, any kind of threatening, death threats, bottlenecks, stalking and controlling behaviours, abuse during pregnancy and physical violence) are associated with a higher probability of intimate partner homicide. Further studies should provide more clarification of the factors associated with this phenomenon to improve the efficiency of the criminal investigation of intimate partner homicides, making crime repression and the protection of victims more effective.
Keywords: Homicide | Intimate partner | Risk factors | Abusive dynamics
مقاله انگلیسی
49 A socio-legal deconstruction of homicide victims and perpetrators: Israeli femicide case law
ساختارشکنی حقوقی اجتماعی قربانیان و مرتکبان قتل: دادرسی اسرائیلی در زمینه قتل-2020
This interpretive paper explores the ways in which criminal law is applied to femicide victims and perpetrators and how it socially constructs and legitimizes genderbased violence in the form of femicide (the killing of a woman), when applying the doctrine of provocation. In doing so the paper discusses the socio-cultural underpinnings of the criminal legal mitigation available for defendants who claim to have killed their wives while being provoked. Conceptualizing the critical deconstruction within gendered socio-cultural predispositions and ensuing criminal legal doctrine and social norms, the paper demonstrates the ways in which Israeli social norms, attitudes and beliefs towards sexual jealousy, matrimony, loss of control, morality, gender and homicide – are entangled and intertwined in the structure and function of Israeli criminal law. The paper offers a critical analysis of the underlying discriminating gendered basic assumptions that structure current Israeli application of the doctrine of provocation and the way in which such a socio-legal structure constructs the Israeli ‘unfaithful’ woman, and her corresponding ‘reasonable’, and ‘normative’, so to speak, killer. Such men are considered less morally guilty when they kill ‘unfaithful’ women, consequently awarded lenient convictions and sentences. At the same time, Israeli women are blamed for morally instigating and provoking their own killing – thus precipitating their gruesome, premature and undue death. As the Israeli criminal legal structure is deeply rooted in English common law, its substantive criminal doctrine of provocation is widely shared by many countries. In this respect the papers exploration of Israeli criminal doctrine of provocation may provide a significant contribution to socio-legal discourse in many other countries with legal structures similarly steeped in English common law.
مقاله انگلیسی
50 Crime frames and gender differences in the activation of crime concern and crime responses
چهارچوب جرم و تفاوت های جنسیتی در فعال سازی نگرانی از جرم و پاسخ به جرم-2020
Prior work has reported mixed evidence for the gender gap in crime concern and crime responses, yet very few studies have considered the importance of the framing of a crime in explaining this gap. Crime frames are important because they can raise deep levels of concern that activate a criminal justice system response to the crime. This study draws on the literature on problem framing to examine gender differences in crime concern and crime responses in relation to human trafficking. Human trafficking is a type of crime that has raised public alarm in the U.S and is being framed by the government and the media as a crime to which women are at increased risk. Using data from a national probability sample of approximately 2000 Americans, the findings show that beliefs about the causes of human trafficking, specifically gender discrimination and transnational crime, are associated with gender differences in concern and activation of the criminal justice system. These findings can guide future research on gender differences in crime concern and crime responses and call for research and policies that are sensitive to gendered effects of framing on public opinion about crime and criminal justice issues.
مقاله انگلیسی
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