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1 |
Prediction of forest parameters and carbon accounting under different fire regimes in Miombo woodlands, Niassa Special Reserve, Northern Mozambique
پیش بینی پارامترهای جنگلی و حسابداری کربن تحت رژیم های مختلف آتش سوزی در جنگل های میومبو، رزرو ویژه NIASSA، شمال موزامبیک-2021 Miombo woodlands are the most extensive dry forest type in southern Africa, covering ca. 1.9 million km2 across
seven countries. Fire is a key ecosystem process that has structured miombo for the last 200,000 years. However,
how fires affect the ecosystems functioning is not well understood. In this study, we used the individual-based
forest model called FORMIND to analyze the carbon balance in the miombo woodlands of Niassa Special Reserve
(NSR), northern Mozambique. The 42.000 km2 NSR represents the most important conservation area in
Mozambique (~31% of the total conservation area in the country) and of miombo woodlands worldwide. Longterm inventory data from 2004 to 2019 for NSR were used to calibrate FORMIND. The primary ecosystem
processes of this model are tree growth, mortality, regeneration, and competition. Fire is set as one of the main
factors that affect these processes, after the woodland reaches an equilibrium at 200 years of age. We also
calculated the Net Present Value (NPV) of carbon credits resulting from altering the fire regime (e.g., reducing or
eliminating fires). The FORMIND model successfully reproduced important characteristics of the woodlands
(aboveground biomass, stem size distribution and basal area). NPV estimates of above-ground woody biomass
carbon stocks were highly dependent on the woodland age. The maximum NPV estimates were generated for a
30-year project starting with 200 year old woodlands (the current forest age) at 192–1339 USD based on a
realistic range of carbon values (i.e., 3–20 USD MgCO2e− 1). While fire plays an important role in miombo
woodlands by reducing stock and changing species composition, its effects on the capacity of the woodland to
mitigate the effects of climate change varies depending on the age of stands. Our results show that FORMIND
model reliably reproduce the field inventory data, thus can be used to improve carbon accounting standards. We
recommend the development of a fire management system to sustain the miombo woodlands of NSR for multiple
reasons. NSR is a globally significant protected area, but perhaps more importantly it could become a regional
example for how to improve miombo woodland management. Given that miombo woodlands provide a myriad
of ecosystem services to rural Africans, investing in improving fire management could increase the benefits to
local communities. Altering fire regimes could improve habitat quality and promote greater resilience to climate
change while sequestering carbon. In addition, local employment opportunities in fire management could be
created via carbon financing from a carbon project. However, much more outreach and education will be needed
to local and national stakeholders for fire management to be perceived more positively and realize the potential
to generate multiple benefits for nature and people.
keywords: مدل GAP Formind | دینامیک اکوسیستم | حسابداری کربن | مدیریت آتش نشانی | خط مشی آتش | FORMIND gap model | Ecosystem dynamics | Carbon accounting | Fire management | Fire policy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Informed conservation management of rare tree species needs knowledge of species composition, their genetic characteristics and ecological niche
مدیریت حفاظت از حفاظت از گونه های نادر درختی، نیاز به دانش ترکیب گونه ها، ویژگی های ژنتیکی آنها و طاقچه های زیست محیطی -2021 Woodland nature reserves must be scientifically assessed so that subsequent management leads to optimal
conservation of biodiversity. This entails knowledge of the species composition, the genetics of the local pop-
ulations and their ecology. Here we assess Tilia species in the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), a large
mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in South-Eastern Germany. Tilia occurs here at low density, as in many
other mixed forests in Central and Northern Europe. Therefore, results are not only relevant to BFNP but also to
other areas.
Exhaustive sampling resulted in the collection of 113 mature trees that were genotyped using 20 microsatellite
markers, derived from both T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. For the first time, size and aspect of trees, and their
community association were contrasted between the species. Genotyping confirmed that T. platyphyllos,
T. cordata and their hybrid (T. x europaea) were present in the BFNP and both species deserve conservation.
T. platyphyllos has a higher genetic diversity for both sets of markers than T. cordata, confirming earlier work.
Both species showed genetic diversity comparable to other populations in Central Europe, which is likely to be
sufficient for the maintenance of the species in the short term. However, increasing the number of trees, ensuring
local sources are used, and gene flow from surrounding forests over the next decennia may be crucial for long-
term survival.
Further, within the T. platyphyllos group there was a set of 11 trees that were distinct from the others: they had
a lower genetic diversity and were shorter. We hypothesise that these were planted and should not be used for
propagation and augmentation. Most saplings analysed appeared to derive from asexual propagation (36 out of
41), although a few (five out of 41) were novel genotypes. This means that, currently, there is some, but rather
limited, regeneration.
T. cordata was found at a lower altitude and less steep terrain than T. platyphyllos and the hybrid. The hybrid
was taller than the two species, while the diameter at breast height was smallest in T. cordata. T. cordata shows a
preference for mixed and coniferous forests, while T. platyphyllos occurs mostly in deciduous forests.
Our results indicate that biodiversity at the species and genetic level as well as species’ ecology have to be
considered in order to guide informed conservation management. These results form the basis to recommend
conservation management improving the long-term viability of Tilia in the BFNP and other mixed forests. keywords: جنگلداری | تیلیا | تنوع ژنتیکی | ترجیح زیستگاه | مناطق حفاظت شده | هیبریداسیون | جنگلکاری | Forestry | Tilia | Genetic diversity | Habitat preference | Protected areas | Hybridisation | Silviculture |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Cellular automata Markov chain model based deforestation modelling in the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of southern Ethiopia
مدل سازی زنجیره مارکوف ماشین سلولی مبتنی بر مدلسازی جنگل زدایی در مناطق روحانی و کلیسایی در جنوب اتیوپی-2020 Permanent conversion of woodland to large-scale commercial agriculture, pastures or urban areas and temporary
or partial removal of indigenous trees for shifting cultivation and selective logging remained major environmental
challenges in the tropical region. Cognizant of the environmental changes prevailing in the pastoral and
agro-pastoral areas of Southern Ethiopia, we have examined the past conversion of woodland to other land uses
through the analysis of Landsat Multi-spectral scanner (MSS) 1973, Thematic Mapper(TM) 1986, Enhanced
Thematic Mapper (ETMþ) 2003, Operational Land Imagery (OLI) 2017 and then projected the future change in
land use/cover (LUC) as well. We have employed Cellular Automata Markov chain model to simulate and predict
LUC changes between 2017 and 2060. Four spatial driver variables such as distance to road and settlement, slope
and elevation were used to run the simulation. Prior to the prediction, we have simulated the LUC of 2017 using
transition potential maps of 2003 and transition matrix between 1973 and 2003. The predictive power of the
model was then examined by comparing the reference and simulated LUC maps of 2017and also using the kappa
index. A good correlation was obtained between the reference and simulated LUC maps of 2017. In addition, the
computed kappa index was above 0.9, which implies that the model is effective in predicting change in LUC. The
analysis result revealed that in the entire monitoring period (1973–2017) the area lost 89,875 ha of woodland.
The loss is expected to continue during the period 2017–2060, with an estimated loss of 32,423 ha of woodland,
if a proper measure is not taken against the continuous loss of woodland. Thus, relentless efforts are needed to
rehabilitate the already degraded land and also minimize the potential loss of woodland in the future through the
implementation of conservation – livelihood approach, REDD þ project, and sustainable land use management
strategies. Keyterms: Deforestation | Kappa coefficient | CA-Markov | Woodland |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Identifying opportunities for the use of broadcast prescribed fire on Colorado’s Front Range
شناسایی فرصت ها برای استفاده از پخش آتش سوزی در محدوده کلرادو-2020 Increasing the pace and scale of fuel treatments to protect social and ecological values from severe wildfire is a
major initiative of numerous land management agencies, organizations, and collaborative groups throughout the
western United States, including the Colorado Front Range. Broadcast prescribed fire is a relatively low-cost,
effective management tool for achieving fuels reduction at scale but is often challenging to implement due to
complex socio-ecological factors. We present results of a multi-criteria suitability analysis intended to identify
need, opportunities, and constraints for the use of broadcast prescribed fire on Colorado’s Front Range based on
spatial factors including wildfire hazard, vegetation and fuel types, historical fire regimes, presence of existing
fuel treatments, wildland-urban interface development, and predicted prescribed fire behavior. Within our
1.7 million-hectare (ha) analysis area, over 228,000 ha (approximately 13%) were classified as highly suitable
for broadcast prescribed fire. Areas of high suitability were split roughly 50:50 between public federal lands
(5.3%) and private lands (6.1%), emphasizing the importance of implementing prescribed fire across ownerships
to meet management objectives at scale. Patch size analysis revealed opportunities for large-scale (> 500 ha)
prescribed fire projects spatially distributed throughout the Front Range. These areas may serve as anchors for
developing projects focused on protecting values at risk, including wildland-urban interface communities and
water resources. Results of this analysis can be used in collaborative settings to develop comprehensive fuels
reduction and forest restoration strategies that incorporate the use of prescribed fire, including identifying where
mechanical treatments could be applied on the landscape to facilitate the use of broadcast prescribed fire over
large extents, as well as where prescribed fire may be a viable option for long-term maintenance of treatments.
While our analysis focuses on the Colorado Front Range, it can be replicated in other fire-prone areas of the
western United States based on the availability of local data. Keywords: Fuel treatment | Forest restoration | Wildfire hazard | Ponderosa pine woodlands | Mixed-conifer forests |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Ecological and environmental consequences of ecological projects in the Beijing–Tianjin sand source region
پیامدهای محیطی و زیست محیطی از پروژه های زیست محیطی در منطقه منبع شن و ماسه پکن - تیانجین-2020 Evaluation of influences of the Beijing–Tianjin Sand Source Control Project on soil wind erosion and ecosystem
services is imperative for mastering the benefits and drawbacks of the program, as well as for distinguishing
more reasonable estimations to evaluate regional sustainable development. Within the Beijing–Tianjin Sand
Source Region, we quantified the spatiotemporal patterns of land use/cover changes (LUCCs), soil wind erosion
modulus (SWEM), and essential ecosystem services throughout 2000–2015 by utilizing field investigations,
remotely sensed data, meteorological data, and modeling. The influences of ecological projects on wind erosion
and ecosystem services has been subsequently assessed by using those modifications brought on via the LUCCs
(e.g., conversion from cropland to grassland/woodland) during the ecological construction. The results indicated
that the SWEM showed a decline and ecosystem services which included carbon storage, water retention, and air
quality regulation exhibited growth driven by using both local climate exchanges and human activities such as
ecological projects. Excluding the effects of climate factors, the LUCCs stemming from ecological projects caused
a total SWEM decrease of 3.77 million tons during 2000–2015, of which approximately 70% was prompted by
the way of the transition from desert to sparse grassland. And from this transition, ecosystem services including
both water retention and aboveground net primary productivity manifest a general increase. The sub-regions of
desert grassland in Bayannur, Ordos Sandy Land, and Otindag Sandy Land were hot spots for wind erosion
declines and ecosystem service enhancements induced by the ecological projects. We recommend that endeavors
be coordinated toward the scientific management of the degraded lands and distribution of the local populace, as
well as the implementation of diverse measures in the expected hotter and drier future. Keywords: Wind erosion Ecosystem services | Sustainability | Spatiotemporal pattern | Land use/cover change | Ecological project |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Cultural ecosystem services in the UK: Lessons on designing indicators to inform management and policy
خدمات اکوسیستم فرهنگی در بریتانیا: درس بر روی طراحی شاخص های اطلاع مدیریت و سیاست-2016 We explore the degree to which a useful and cost-effective set of cultural ecosystem services (CES) indicators can be produced at different spatial scales in the UK, using readily available data. We place this within the conceptual framework developed for the understanding of CES produced by the recent UK National Ecosystem Assessment (UK NEA) and its Follow-on.We examine a set of ‘supply-side’ stock indicators, involving the calculation of the percentage cover of environmental places such as woodlands, country parks and private gardens. Although stock indica- tors can be used to measure the potential of different localities to deliver CES, the accessibility of these environmental places to local populations also needs to be understood. We illustrate this with indicators based on access to four types of environmental space: ancient woodland, country parks, nature reserves and areas with natural cover. We illustrate how both the stock- and access-based indicators could be used to benchmark Local Authority Districts (LADs) across the whole of the UK.We explore how a range of indicators can be developed from readily available information to compare the quality of environmental places at a more local level, using The City of Nottingham LAD as an example. We also examine the potential to use a household survey, the UK Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment (MENE), to estimate demand for certain types of cultural practice and environmental place, and to use relationships revealed in this information to estimate the degree to which supply and demand for these practices and places match one another.© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cultural ecosystem services | Indicators | Benchmarking | National Ecosystem Assessment |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
ارزیابی روش های موجود بر اساس GIS در مورد مناسب بودن زمین برای اختصاص بهینه در کوه های کوینلینگ چین
سال انتشار: 2006 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 8 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 17 از روش مبتنی بر GIS ,برای ارزیابی مناسب بودن زمین در کوه های کوینلینگ چین، یعنی استان Shaanxi کشور چین, از طریق توجه همزمان به ویژگی های فیزیکی و استفاده از زمین در زمان کنونی , استفاده شده است . از طریق تفسیر مجموعه ای از تصاویر زمینی TM و سایر بررسی ها از زمین های وسیع ,این مکان ها در 40 نوع زمینی در 5 منطقه از لحاظ ارتفاعی , مدل سازی شدند (دره ها و آبگذرها، دامنه کوه ها و تراس ها، تپه، کوه پایه ها ، و کوه مربوط به دامنه کوه). پس از ان , یک مقیاس متناسب به هریک از 5 فاکتور فیزیکی اختصاص یافت ,که شامل آب و هوا، هیدرولوژی ، توپوگرافی ، خاک و پوشش گیاهی بود .پس از ان , رتبه های ارزش تناسب کلی و انها , با پوشش زمینی , برای تعیین اینکه ایا باید مجددا به موارد استفاده ی جدید اختصاص یابد یا نه , مقایسه شد . نتایج نشان داد که 5 طبقه مقتضی کشاورزی، جنگل، مزارع سرسبز، جنگل ها و بیشه ها و دیگر چراگاه های بیشه ای دارای ویژگی های خاص طبقه بندی شده ی ارتفاعی بودند و مساحت کلی آن ها یعنی (% 89/8) از شیب های شمالی این زمین ها در بخش کوه های کویین لینگ بود که باید مجددا جمع آوری میشدند و یک سری منابع به آن اختصاص میافت . برای دسترسی به این نوع اختصاص مجدد (تسهیم دوباره ) ، 657 کیلومتر مربع از زمین های قابل کشت باید کاهش و جنگل ، چمن زارها و چراگاه ها به ترتیب تا میزان 615، 131 و 405 افزایش میافت . اجرای موارد ذکر شده در بخش تسهیم دوباره ی زمین ها باید به دسترسی منابع مناسب در زمین ها کمک کند که در واقع مانع کاهش زمین ها می شود .
واژگان کلیدی : GIS | شکل های زمین | اختصاص بهینه | کوه های کوئین لینگ | ارزیابی متناسب ویا مقتضی |
مقاله ترجمه شده |