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نتیجه جستجو - crime

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 260
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 A comprehensive survey on the biometric systems based on physiological and behavioural characteristics
مرور جامع سیستم های بیومتریک بر اساس ویژگی های فیزیولوژیکی و رفتاری-2021
With the fast increasing of the electronic crimes and their related issues, deploying a reliable user authentication system became a significant task for both of access control and securing user’s private data. Human biometric characteristics such as voice, finger, iris scanning, face, signature and other features provide a dependable security level for both of the personal and the public use. Many biometric authentication systems have been approached for long time. Due to the uniqueness of human biometrics witch played a master role in degrading imposters’ attacks. Such authentication models have overcome other traditional security methods like passwords and PIN. This paper aims to briefly address the psychological biometric authentication techniques and a brief summary to the advantages, disadvantages of each method. Main contribution it found that used EEG signals, as biometrics is the best technique compare to with five other techniques.© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanoelectronics, Nanophotonics, Nanomaterials, Nanobioscience & Nanotechnology.
Keywords: Biometrics | Physiological | Behavioral | Identification | Techniques
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Disruption in food supply chain and undernourishment challenges: An empirical study in the context of Asian countries
اختلال در زنجیره تأمین مواد غذایی و چالش های کم غذایی: یک مطالعه تجربی در زمینه کشورهای آسیایی-2021
Undernourishment and associated health issues are some mammoth challenges that the world currently faces. The poorly design food supply chain (FSC) is considered a root cause of high undernourishment cases worldwide. Since all processes and stages in a supply chain are strongly connected, a slight delay or glitch can trigger a butterfly effect resulting in significant socio-economic losses. The FSC is vital to providing human essentials and a source of bread earning; rank at the top in global industries and any disturbance results in high unemployment and leading social evils like crime and violence in society. Recognize the same; this study examines the impact of food supply chain disruption on undernourished cases in selected Asian countries. Using Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator, this study provides two key findings. First, a higher intensity of COVID-19 cases translates into higher undernourishment due to direct and indirect effects from higher stringency measures. Secondly, government financial allocations to combat COVID-19 and economic growth significantly mitigate the prevalence of undernourishment. Interestingly, a higher crime index is linked with higher undernourished cases supporting the proposition of socio-economic disorder. These results propose broad policy implications for governments, food regulatory authority, donor agencies, and Non-Governmental Organizations by strengthening the food supply chain and thus reduces undernourishment cases.
Keywords: Food supply chain | COVID-19 | Unemployment | Undernourishment | Economic growth | Asian countries
مقاله انگلیسی
3 A Methodology For Large-Scale Identification of Related Accounts in Underground Forums
یک روش برای شناسایی در مقیاس بزرگ حساب های مرتبط در انجمن های زیرزمینی-2021
Underground forums allow users to interact with communities focused on illicit activities. They serve as an entry point for actors interested in deviant and criminal topics. Due to the pseudo-anonymity provided, they have become improvised marketplaces for trading illegal products and services, including those used to conduct cyberattacks. Thus, these forums are an important data source for threat intelligence analysts and law enforcement. The use of multiple accounts is forbidden in most forums since these are mostly used for malicious purposes. Still, this is a common practice. Being able to identify an actor or gang behind multiple accounts allows for proper attribution in online investigations, and also to design intervention mechanisms for illegal activities. Existing solutions for multi-account detec- tion either require ground truth data to conduct supervised classification or use manual approaches. In this work, we propose a methodology for the large-scale identification of re- lated accounts in underground forums. These accounts are similar according to the distinc- tive content posted, and thus are likely to belong to the same actor or group. The methodol- ogy applies to various domains and leverages distinctive artefacts and personal information left online by the users. We provide experimental results on a large dataset comprising more than 1.1M user accounts from 15 different forums. We show how this methodology, com- bined with existing approaches commonly used in social media forensics, can assist with and improve online investigations. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
keywords: رسانه های اجتماعی قانونی | انجمن های زیرزمینی | اندازه گیری در مقیاس بزرگ | حساب های مرتبط | سایبری | Social media forensics | Underground forums | Large-Scale measurement | Related accounts | Cybercrime
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Breaking the barriers between intelligence, investigation and evaluation: A continuous approach to define the contribution and scope of forensic science
شکستن موانع بین هوشمندی ، تحقیق و ارزیابی: رویکردی مداوم برای تعریف سهم و دامنه علم پزشکی قانونی-2020
Forensic science has been evolving towards a separation of more and more specialised tasks, with forensic practitioners increasingly identifying themselves with only one sub-discipline or task of forensic science. Such divisions are viewed as a threat to the advancement of science because they tend to polarise researchers and tear apart scientific communities. The objective of this article is to highlight that a piece of information is not either intelligence or evidence, and that a forensic scientist is not either an investigator or an evaluator, but that these notions must all be applied in conjunction to successfully understand a criminal problem or solve a case. To capture the scope, strength and contribution of forensic science, this paper proposes a progressive but non-linear continuous model that could serve as a guide for forensic reasoning and processes. In this approach, hypothetico-deductive reasoning, iterative thinking and the notion of entropy are used to frame the continuum, situate forensic scientists’ operating contexts and decision points. Situations and examples drawn from experience and practice are used to illustrate the approach. The authors argue that forensic science, as a discipline, should not be defined according to the context it serves (i.e. an investigation, a court decision or an intelligence process), but as a general, scientific and holistic trace-focused practice that contributes to a broad range of goals in various contexts. Since forensic science does not work in isolation, the approach also provides a useful basis as to how forensic scientists should contribute to collective and collaborative problem-solving to improve justice and security.
Keywords: Crime | Decision points | Entropy | Hypothetico-deductive reasoning | Model
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Recovery & identification of human Y-STR DNA from immatures of chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Simulation of sexual crime investigation involving victim corpse in state of decay
ترمیم و شناسایی DNA Y-STR انسانی از ناخالصی های کریسومیا آلبیسپس (Diptera: Calliphoridae). شبیه سازی تحقیقات مربوط به جرم و جنایات مربوط به جسد قربانی در حالت پوسیدگی-2020
The number of sexual crimes in Brazil, as in several other countries, is very high. In many of these crimes the women raped are murdered and their bodies are found days later, in an advanced state of decomposition, with intense cadaverous fauna. Forensic Entomology studies insects and other arthropods that can be used in the expert analysis of various types of crimes. Diptera, the order of insects that comprises the two-winged or true flies, represents one of the largest known groups of insects and is the principal source of cadaveric entomofauna. Members of its Calliphoridae family are observed in cadavers in all phases of decomposition. The retrieval and identification of human Y-STR DNA from the gastrointestinal tract of Calliphoridae species Chrysomya albiceps maggots and pupae can provide a good tool for the gathering of evidence in sexual crime investigations involving rape and death, in which the abandoned victims body is found in a putrefied state. In this study, the animal model used was a female pig, Sus scrofa, which was sacrificed in a forested area with three shots from a 0.40 calibre Taurus pistol, and inoculated with semen to its anal and vaginal regions, simulating rape and homicide. During decomposition, 20–80 maggots were collected every 24 h and preserved in 70 % alcohol, totalling 289 maggots and 157 pupae (446 immatures) over a period of 14 days (336 h) of decomposition. Each maggot was then dissected for removal of the digestive tract, which was placed in extraction buffer. The molecular phase proceeded with extraction, quantification, amplification and capillary electrophoresis of samples, testing 16 STR loci of the Y chromosome. It was possible to establish a partial Y-STR DNA profile, with the amplification of up to eight sites, by considering a combination of the samples taken at hours 144 h, 168 h, 192 h, 216 h, 240 h, 288 h, 312 h and 336 h..
Keywords: Forensic entomology | Forensic genetics | Sex crimes | Rape | Murder | Criminal profiling
مقاله انگلیسی
6 فصل 6 انحراف (کج رفتاری)، جرم و کنترل اجتماعی
سال انتشار: 2020 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 18 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 19
انحراف به هر رفتاری گفته می‌شود که هنجارهای اجتماعی را نقض کند و معمولاً به اندازه‌ی کافی شدید است که اکثریت جامعه آن را تأیید نکنند. انحراف ممکن است کیفری و یا غیرکیفری باشد. رشته‌ی جامعه‌شناسی که با جرم سروکار دارد (رفتاری که قوانین را نقض می‌کند) جرم شناسی نام دارد (که گاهی اوقات به آن عدالت کیفری نیز گفته می‌شود). امروز آمریکایی‌ها، فعالیت‌هایی چون اعتیاد به الکل، قمار زیاد، برهنه بودن در مکان‌های عمومی، بازی با آتش، سرقت، دروغ و حمام نکردن، خرید خدمات فاحشه‎ها و پوشیدن لباس‌های جنس مخالف (برای مثال) به عنوان انحراف در نظر می‌گیرند. افرادی که رفتار انحرافی دارند نیز منحرف نامیده می‌شوند. مفهوم انحراف پیچیده است زیرا هنجارهای موجود در گروه‌ها و در زمان‌ها و مکان‎‌های مختلف، متفاوت است. به عبارت دیگر، ممکن است آن چیزی که یک گروه قابل قبول می‌داند، گروه دیگر انحراف بداند. برای مثال در برخی از مناطق اندونزی، مالزی و آفریقای اسلامی، زنان ختنه می‌شوند. این فرآیند به اصطلاح کلیتوریدکتومی و فیبولاسیون شامل بریدن بخش کلیتوریس یک دختر جوان و یا دوختن لبه‌های کلیتوریس اوست که معمولاً بدون هیچ گونه بیهوشی انجام می‌شود. در آمریکا تنها پسران ختنه می‌شوند؛ تفکر ختنه زنان و یا بریدن دستگاه تناسلی زنان همانطور که در ایالات متحده هم اینطور است، غیرقابل تصور است.
مقاله ترجمه شده
7 Transferability of Australian diatoms to clothing: Assessment of several extraction methods on different fabric types under laboratory conditions
انتقال دیاتومهای استرالیا به لباس: ارزیابی چندین روش استخراج انواع پارچه های مختلف در شرایط آزمایشگاهی-2020
Crime scene investigation protocols and procedures are well established when concerning terrestrial environments, but are limited when associated with aquatic environments. In aquatic contexts, the soil, sediments and microscopic algae (e.g. diatoms) may all be used as sources of trace evidence for criminal investigations. Diatoms are one such source that can be used to support the diagnosis of death by drowning and can be used to verify contact between a suspect and a specific water body. For the latter, diatoms can be collected from clothing and shoes for forensic comparisons. Over the years, there have been several methods proposed for the extraction of diatoms from clothing, however, a best practice method is yet to be established and is still open to debate. The present research represents the first investigation that evaluates four different methods for the extraction of native and common Australian diatom species from four different types of fabrics. Diatoms of two different species and shape (pennate and centric) were cultivated in stimulated experimental waters – prepared using either monocultures or mixed cultures of the selected diatoms. Diatom concentrations were set to mimic the natural population (low to bloom events) as commonly found in the Swan River Estuary of Western Australia. Cotton, denim, blend, and acrylic fabric types were placed in experimental waters. Diatom extraction was attempted using methods already proposed in the literature, these include: rinsing with ethanol (RE); rinsing with ethanol together with the application of centrifugal force (RECF); digestion with hydrogen peroxide (H); and a new method of ashing that has never been tested before (dry ash, DA). Results of this research showed that a) the type and the concentration of the mono and mix diatom mixtures significantly affects the transfer and extraction from different types of fabric; b) a noticeable extraction difference is observed between the fabrics, establishing denim, acrylic and blend fabrics as possessing the better extraction rates; c) H treatment had the highest extraction rate of diatoms; d) the application of centrifugal force on the RE method significantly improved the extraction of diatoms; e) DA is a potential method for the extraction of pennate-shaped diatoms from all of the tested fabrics, however, does have a tendency to induce modifications of the morphological structure of the diatoms. Overall, the application of different extraction methods is suggested to maximise the extraction of diatoms that would closely reflect their natural assemblage in the water body under investigation.
Keywords: Diatoms | Fabrics | Transfer | Extraction | Australia
مقاله انگلیسی
8 The interpretation of forensic conclusions by criminal justice professionals: The same evidence interpreted differently
تفسیر نتیجه گیری پزشکی قانونی توسط متخصصان دادرسی کیفری: همان شواهد متفاوت تفسیر می شود-2020
Forensic reports use various types of conclusions, such as a categorical (CAT) conclusion or a likelihood ratio (LR). In order to correctly assess the evidence, users of forensic reports need to understand the conclusion and its evidential strength. The aim of this paper is to study the interpretation of the evidential strength of forensic conclusions by criminal justice professionals. In an online questionnaire 269 professionals assessed 768 reports on fingerprint examination and answered questions that measured self-proclaimed and actual understanding of the reports and conclusions. The reports entailed CAT, verbal LR and numerical LR conclusions with low or high evidential strength and were assessed by crime scene investigators, police detectives, public prosecutors, criminal lawyers, and judges. The results show that about a quarter of all questions measuring actual understanding of the reports were answered incorrectly. The CAT conclusion was best understood for the weak conclusions, the three strong conclusions were all assessed similarly. The weak CAT conclusion correctly emphasizes the uncertainty of any conclusion type used. However, most participants underestimated the strength of this weak CAT conclusion compared to the other weak conclusion types. Looking at the self-proclaimed understanding of all professionals, they in general overestimated their actual understanding of all conclusion types.
Keywords: Forensic conclusions | Criminal justice professionals | Evidence interpretation | Strength of evidence | Communicating uncertainty
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Determination of the most effective enhancement process for latent fingermarks on Clydesdale Bank and Royal Bank of Scotland £5 and £10 polymer banknotes
تعیین مؤثرترین فرآیند تقویت برای اثر انگشتهای نهفته در بانکهای Clydesdale و رویال بانک اسکاتلند اسکناس های پلیمری 5 پوند و 10 پوند-2020
Fingermarks are commonly found at crime scenes and can be used to link an individual to an object and/ or place. One common evidence type regularly encountered in the course of a criminal investigation is banknotes, and the recovery of fingermarks from these notes can give an indication of who has handled them. This study was carried out in order to determine the most effective sequential processing techniques for recovering latent fingermarks on the new £5 and £10 Clydesdale Bank and Royal Bank of Scotland polymer banknotes. No previous studies have been published on the recovery of latent fingermarks from these types of polymer notes; therefore, this work provides valuable insight into the challenges associated with these notes. Initial experimentation was done in order to determine the best light source to be used in combination with each sequential process tested. From this, infrared (730–800 nm) and ultraviolet (350–380 nm) light were chosen for use in the main study. Black iron oxide powder suspension and black magnetic powder were two of the enhancement treatments tested, both of which are recommended ‘Category A’ processes in the Fingermark Visualisation Manual produced by the Home Office. Superglue fuming – using PolyCyano UV—which is a Category C process was also used, as well as the recently developed infrared fluorescent powder, fpNATURAL12. Three fingermark donors were selected for this study—one good, one medium and one poor—and each donor deposited a 10-mark depletion series onto both sides of each type of note. Superglue fuming (using PolyCyano UV) followed by black magnetic powder was found to be the most effective sequential process for enhancement of fingermarks on all note types tested. Infrared (730–800 nm) light with an 815 nm filter was the most effective light source for enhancing ridge detail for this enhancement sequence. This process is now being implemented for use with these note types in Scotland.
Keywords: Polymer banknotes | PolyCyano UV | Infrared | Black magnetic powder | Powder suspension | fpNATURAL12
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Detecting personal microbiota signatures at artificial crime scenes
تشخیص امضاهای میکروبیوت شخصی در صحنه های جرم ساختگی -2020
When mapped to the environments we interact with on a daily basis, the 36 million microbial cells per hour that humans emit leave a trail of evidence that can be leveraged for forensic analysis. We employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to map unique microbial sequence variants between human skin and building surfaces in three experimental conditions: over time during controlled and uncontrolled incidental interactions with a door handle, and during multiple mock burglaries in ten real residences. We demonstrate that humans (n = 30) leave behind microbial signatures that can be used to track interaction with various surfaces within a building, but the likelihood of accurately detecting the specific burglar for a given home was between 20–25%. Also, the human microbiome contains rare microbial taxa that can be combined to create a unique microbial profile, which when compared to 600 other individuals can improve our ability to link an individual ‘burglar’ to a residence. In total, 5512 discriminating, nonsingleton unique exact sequence variants (uESVs) were identified as unique to an individual, with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 568, suggesting some people maintain a greater degree of unique taxa compared to our population of 600. Approximate 60–77% of the unique exact sequence variants originated from the hands of participants, and these microbial discriminators spanned 36 phyla but were dominated by the Proteobacteria (34%). A fitted regression generated to determine whether an intruder’s uESVs found on door handles in an office decayed over time in the presence or absence of office workers, found no significant shift in proportion of uESVs over time irrespective of the presence of office workers. While it was possible to detect the correct burglars’ microbiota as having contributed to the invaded space, the predictions were very weak in comparison to accepted forensic standards. This suggests that at this time 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the built environment microbiota cannot be used as a reliable trace evidence standard for criminal investigations.
Keywords: Forensic microbiology | Built-environment | Host-microbe | Trace evidence | Human microbiome
مقاله انگلیسی
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