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1 |
A Comparative Assessment and Synthesis of Twenty Ethics Codes on AI and Big Data
ارزیابی تطبیقی و سنتز بیست کد اخلاقی در هوش مصنوعی و داده های بزرگ-2020 Up to date, more than 80 codes exist for handling
ethical risks of artificial intelligence and big data. In this
paper, we analyse where those codes converge and where they
differ. Based on an in-depth analysis of 20 guidelines, we identify
three procedural action types (1. control and document, 2.
inform, 3. assign responsibility) as well as four clusters of ethical
values whose promotion or protection is supported by the
procedural activities. We achieve a synthesis of previous approaches
with a framework of seven principles, combining the
four principles of biomedical ethics with three distinct procedural
principles: control, transparency and accountability. Keywords: data ethics | ethical guidelines | artificial intelligence |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
An evidence-based methodology for human rights impact assessment (HRIA) in the development of AI data-intensive systems
یک روش مبتنی بر شواهد برای ارزیابی تأثیر حقوق بشر (HRIA) در توسعه سیستمهای مبتنی بر دادههای هوش مصنوعی-2020 Different approaches have been adopted in addressing the challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI), some centred on personal data and others on ethics, respectively narrowing and
broadening the scope of AI regulation. This contribution aims to demonstrate that a third
way is possible, starting from the acknowledgement of the role that human rights can play
in regulating the impact of data-intensive systems.
The focus on human rights is neither a paradigm shift nor a mere theoretical exercise.
Through the analysis of more than 700 decisions and documents of the data protection
authorities of six countries, we show that human rights already underpin the decisions in
the field of data use.
Based on empirical analysis of this evidence, this work presents a methodology and a model
for a Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA). The methodology and related assessment
model are focused on AI applications, whose nature and scale require a proper contextualisation of HRIA methodology. Moreover, the proposed models provide a more measurable
approach to risk assessment which is consistent with the regulatory proposals centred on
risk thresholds.
The proposed methodology is tested in concrete case-studies to prove its feasibility and
effectiveness. The overall goal is to respond to the growing interest in HRIA, moving from
a mere theoretical debate to a concrete and context-specific implementation in the field of
data-intensive applications based on AI.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence | Human rights | Human Rights Impact Assessment | Data protection | AI regulation | Data ethics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
The social imaginaries of data activism
تصورات اجتماعی فعالانه داده ها-2019 Data activism, promoting new forms of civic and political engagement, has emerged as a response to problematic aspects
of datafication that include tensions between data openness and data ownership, and asymmetries in terms of data usage
and distribution. In this article, we discuss MyData, a data activism initiative originating in Finland, which aims to shape a
more sustainable citizen-centric data economy by means of increasing individuals’ control of their personal data. Using
data gathered during long-term participant-observation in collaborative projects with data activists, we explore the
internal tensions of data activism by first outlining two different social imaginaries – technological and socio-critical –
within MyData, and then merging them to open practical and analytical space for engaging with the socio-technical
futures currently in the making. While the technological imaginary favours data infrastructures as corrective measures,
the socio-critical imaginary questions the effectiveness of technological correction. Unpacking them clarifies the kinds of
political and social alternatives that different social imaginaries ascribe to the notions underlying data activism, and
highlights the need to consider the social structures in play. The more far-reaching goal of our exercise is to provide
practical and analytical resources for critical engagement in the context of data activism. By merging technological and
socio-critical imaginaries in the work of reimagining governing structures and knowledge practices alongside infrastructural arrangements, scholars can depart from the most obvious forms of critique, influence data activism practice, and
formulate data ethics and data futures.
Keywords: Datafication | social imaginary | data activism | MyData | data ethics | socio-technical futures |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Big data analytics sentiment: US-China reaction to data collection by business and government
احساس تجزیه و تحلیل داده های بزرگ: واکنش ایالات متحده و چین به جمع آوری اطلاعات توسط کسب و کار و دولت-2018 As society continues its rapid change to a digitized individual, corporate, and government environment it is
prudent for researchers to investigate the zeitgeist of the global citizenry. The technological changes brought
about by big data analytics are changing the way we gather and view data. This big data analytics sentiment
research examines how Chinese and American respondents may view big data collection and analytics differ
ently. The paper follows with an analysis of reported attitudes toward possible viewpoints from each country on
various big data analytics topics ranging from individual to business and governmental foci. Hofstedes cultural
dimensions are used to inform and frame our research hypotheses. Findings suggest that Chinese and American
perspectives differ on individual data values, with the Chinese being more open to data collection and analytic
techniques targeted toward individuals. Furthermore, support is found that US respondents have a more fa
vorable view of businesses use of data analytics. Finally, there is a strong difference in the attitudes toward
governmental use of data, where US respondents do not favor governmental big data analytics usage and the
Chinese respondents indicated a greater acceptance of governmental data usage. These findings are helpful in
better understanding appropriate technological change and adoption from a societal perspective. Specifically,
this research provides insights for corporate business and government entities suggesting how they might adjust
their approach to big data collection and management in order to better support and sustain their organizations
services and products.
Keywords: Big data ethics ، Business data usage ، Corporate data collection ، Government data usage ، Technology ethics ، US-China similarities ، US-China differences |
مقاله انگلیسی |