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نتیجه جستجو - ecological

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 199
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 An ecological critique of accounting: The circular economy and COVID-19
نقد زیست محیطی حسابداری: اقتصاد دایره ای و Covid-19-2021
Given the increasing participation of accounting technologies in purported solutions to deal with the ecological crisis, we address two areas where a growing accounting literature is emerging, the circular economy and the COVID-19 pandemic, testing some ideas to inform an ecological critique of accounting that could help us ward off the ‘‘dreams of escaping” (Latour, 2018). We suggest that the conceptual separation between nature and society renders accounting for the circular economy and the COVID-19 pandemic problematic. A critical account of the circular economy might problematize things like the whole economic system’s physical scale, spatial and temporal system boundaries, consumer culture, and the inherent politics of the circular economy. We also suggest that a critical account of the COVID-19 pandemic needs to take on board the participation of accounting representations in the construction of particular narratives about the virus. In particular, calculations of the costs caused by COVID-19 need to be connected to the ecological value of viruses to illustrate how the social and the biological worlds are inextricably connected. In both cases, we suggest critical accounting researchers need to be actively involved in discussions about how valuation constructs narratives about resource or waste, with significant implications on how we conceive the relationship between humanity and the environment.
keywords: حسابداری | انسان شناسی | اقتصاد دایره ای | کووید -19 | بحران زیست محیطی | Accounting | Anthropocene | Circular economy | COVID-19 | Environmental crisis
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Sustainability at stake during COVID-19: Exploring the role of accounting in addressing environmental crises
پایداری در معرض خطر در Covid-19: بررسی نقش حسابداری در رسیدگی به بحران های زیست محیطی-2021
In this paper, we reflect and provide insights on the environmental implications of postCOVID-19 economic recoveries. More specifically, we highlight the connection(s) between the environment and the COVID-19 crisis, in particular the intertwined links between Mother Nature and the virus. We then raise some concerns about the ‘illusionary’ positive and negative effects of the crisis on the environment before evoking some past lessons about crisis management and recovery. We contend that the current accounting and accountability mechanisms employed in economic stimulus programs, as well as traditional environmental accounting approaches, are inadequate and limiting to achieve long-term sustainability change. The paper concludes by offering accounting practitioners and researchers some possibilities to take a step forward and develop new understandings of social and environmental value consistent with ecological principles and sustainable development—and hope that these reflections will contribute to a broader debate on the role of accounting for sustainable development in the Anthropocene
keywords: بحران زیست محیطی | کووید -19 | حسابداری اجتماعی و زیست محیطی | مسئوليت | Environmental crisis | COVID-19 | Social and environmental accounting | Accountability
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Accounts of NGO performance as calculative spaces: Wild Animals, wildlife restoration and strategic agency
حساب های عملکرد سازمان های غیر دولتی به عنوان فضاهای محاسباتی: حیوانات وحشی، ترمیم حیات وحش و آژانس استراتژیک-2021
Whereas corporations typically share a common primary objective of generating profits for their owners, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) principally pursue a panoply of various social and/or ecological objectives. Accordingly, an NGO’s performance in pursuit of its objectives can rarely be accounted for in straightforwardly comparable quantitative terms. How then can an NGO instead construct qualitative accounts of its performance that show how it makes a differ- ence in pursuit of its objectives? This paper examines qualitative accounts of performance against an objective to restore wildlife, which are included in the annual reports of a large conservation NGO. These accounts are conceptualised as being calculative spaces, configured by framing work being done within these accounts. Analysis of this framing work finds that these accounts identify a performance object (i.e. specific wild animal populations), establish relations that seemingly affect this performance object (i.e. threats to wild animal populations and actions to conserve these populations), and attribute the NGO with agency to make a difference to this performance object (i.e. as a strategic actor directing and co-ordinating wildlife restoration). Thus, this paper demonstrates that seeing quantitative and qualitative accounts of organisational performance in the same conceptual terms creates conditions of possibility for developing a fuller understanding of an organisation’s calculations of its own capacity to act upon society.
keywords: سازمان غیر دولتی | مسئوليت | کادر بندی | محاسبات | گفتمان | حفاظت | NGO | Accountability | Framing | Calculation | Discourse | Conservation
مقاله انگلیسی
4 The framework design and empirical study of Chinas marine ecological-economic accounting
طرح چارچوب و مطالعه تجربی از حسابداری اقتصادی زیست محیطی دریایی چین-2021
In recent years, the Chinese government has attached greater importance to marine ecological protection. To contribute to scientific understanding of the importance of marine ecosystems to human well-being, this paper analyzes marine ecosystem service and its accounting, and introduces the concept of “quaternary industry” on the basis of current marine economic accounting framework. Marine ecosystem accounting, marine economic accounting and marine ecological-economic accounting of coastal areas in China during the time series of 2005–2017 are calculated. The results show that compared with Gross Ocean Product (GOP), the average annual growth rate of Gross Marine Ecological-Economic Product (GMEEP) stays stable. The proportion of the added value of quaternary industry in marine ecological economy is relatively large, which is between 46% and 51%. And the ratio of GMEEP and GOP is around 1.9, suggesting a quite close association between GMEEP and GOP.
keywords: حسابداری زیست محیطی زیست محیطی دریایی | خدمات اکوسیستم دریایی | محصول ناخالص اقیانوس | Marine ecological-economic accounting | Marine ecosystem services | Gross ocean product
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Not just an engineering problem: The role of knowledge and understanding of ecosystem services for adaptive management of coastal erosion
فقط یک مشکل مهندسی نیست: نقش دانش و درک خدمات اکوسیستم برای مدیریت انطباق فرسایش ساحلی-2021
Coastal ecosystems are recognized as important providers of ecosystem services such as carbon storage, increased fish productivity, and wave energy reduction. In a context of climate change, coastal ecosystems are exposed to erosion and subject to coastal squeeze, even as they provide natural coastal protection against extreme weather. While civil engineering solutions often take centre stage in mitigating coastal erosion and protecting infra- structure from storms and sea level rise, we seek to explore the social dimension of adaptive management of socio-ecological systems and more specifically the role of knowledge and learning. Using an ecosystem services (ES) framework, we provide a first evaluation of local stakeholders’ perceptions of coastal habitats in maritime Quebec. The findings demonstrate the importance of a social approach for coastal ES valuation, in particular in addressing the complex question of cultural ES. A better understanding of the links between coastal stakeholders and their natural environment can help decision-makers and practitioners design conservation management and coastal adaptation measures mainstreaming the role of coastal habitats. Nevertheless, a change towards a socio- ecological perspective will require long-lasting processes that build on social capacities, such as flexible in- stitutions and multilevel governance systems.
keywords: حکومت انطباقی | ابعاد اجتماعی | فرسایش ساحلی | خدمات محیط زیستی | زیستگاه های ساحلی | ادراک ذینفعان | Adaptive governance | Social dimension | Coastal erosion | Ecosystem services | Coastal habitats | Stakeholders’ perception
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Urban natural resource accounting based on the system of environmental economic accounting in Northwest China: A case study of Xi’an
حسابداری منابع طبیعی شهری بر اساس سیستم حسابداری اقتصادی محیطی در شمال غربی چین: مطالعه موردی شیان-2021
Drawing lessons from the System of Environmental and Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA-CF) and Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EEA), China is carrying out a pilot project for ecosystem accounting at the provincial level. Compiling and applying the principles, methods and ecosystem accounts of natural capital accounting in Northwest cities are new explorations. This study considers the degradation and fragility of the urban ecosystem in Xi’an and discusses urban natural resource (NR) accounting in terms of the physical quantity and monetary value. We took Xi’an as a case to demonstrate how to use the SEEA to analyze NR changes and the effectiveness of local eco-environmental management policies based on the characteristics of cities. The results show that, compared with using the physical quantity, calculating the monetary value according to NR resto- ration obligation, NR maintenance obligation better reflects the utilization level of urban NR, measures resource depletion and degradation, and maximizes the utility of the accounting results. This study focuses on using NR accounting methods for urban water resources, land resources and mineral resources, and evaluating ecosystem services for purposes of ecological restoration. It lays a foundation for consolidating urban gross ecosystem product accounting results in line with the SEEA and provides support for future study.
keywords: پایتخت طبیعی | ارزش فیزیکی | ارزش پولی | رادیو | Natural capital | Physical value | Monetary value | SEEA
مقاله انگلیسی
7 On-farm experiences shape farmer knowledge, perceptions of pollinators, and management practices
تجارب در مزرعه دانش کشاورز، ادراکات گرده افشان ها و شیوه های مدیریتی را شکل می دهد-2021
Mitigating pollinator declines in agriculturally dominated landscapes to safeguard pollination services requires the involvement of farmers and their willingness to adopt pollinator-friendly management. However, farmer knowledge, perceptions, and actions to support on-farm pollinators and their alignment with science-based knowledge and recommendations are rarely evaluated. To close this knowledge gap, we interviewed 560 farmers from 11 countries around the world, cultivating at least one of four widely grown pollinator-dependent crops (apple, avocado, kiwifruit, oilseed rape). We particularly focused on non-bee crop pollinators which, despite being important pollinators of many crops, received less research attention than bees. We found that farmers perceived bees to be more important pollinators than other flower-visiting insects. However, around 75% of the farmers acknowledged that non-bees contributed to the pollination of their crops, seeing them as additional pollinators rather than substitutes for bees. Despite farmers rating their own observations as being most important in how they perceived the contribution of different crop pollinator taxa, their perception aligned closely with results from available scientific studies across crops and countries. Farmer perceptions were also linked with their pollinator management practices, e.g. farmers who used managed bees for crop pollination services (more than half the farmers) rated these managed bees as particularly important. Interestingly, their willingness to establish wildflower strips or manage hedgerows to enhance pollinator visitation was linked to their ecological knowledge of non-bees or to government subsidies. Farmers adapted practices to enhance pollination services depending on the crop, which indicates an understanding of differences in the pollination ecology of crops. Almost half of the farmers had changed on-farm pollination management in the past 10 years and farm practices differed greatly between countries. This suggests integrated crop pollination measures are being adapted by farmers to reach best pollinator management practices. Our findings highlight the importance of studying local knowledge as a key to co-design locally-adapted measures to facilitate pollinator-integrated food production as ecological intensification tools.
keywords: حفاظت | گرده افشانی | تشدید زیست محیطی | دانش کشاورز | دانش محلی | نظر سنجی | Conservation | Crop pollination | Ecological intensification | Farmer knowledge | Local knowledge | Survey
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Feasibility and efficacy of a pilot family model of diabetes self-management intervention in the Republic of the Marshall Islands
امکان سنجی و کارایی یک مدل خانواده آزمایشی مداخله خودمدیریتی دیابت در جمهوری جزایر مارشال-2021
Background: The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) faces numerous health disparities, including one of the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the world. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) has shown efficacy in improving glycemic control and through increases in knowledge and selfmanagement activities; however, there is limited research on DSMES in the RMI. This study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of a culturally adapted family model of DSMES (F-DSMES) in the RMI. The F-DSME included 8 h of group educational classes delivered in churches by a community health worker.
Methods: This pilot study assessed retention and dosage rates (e.g., class attendance) among the participants with T2DM (n = 41). Efficacy was evaluated by examining pre- and post-intervention differences in HbA1c, knowledge, family support, and self-management activities among those who completed the post-intervention data collection (n = 23).
Results: The results indicate completion of post-intervention data collection and attendance were associated; 70% of participants who completed the post-intervention data collection received at least 6 h of intervention compared to 3 h for those who did not. Although the reduction in HbA1c was not statistically significant, participants demonstrated statically significant increases in knowledge, family support, and an increase in selfmanagement including in checking of blood glucose and feet.
Conclusions: This study provides important information to help address T2DM disparities in the RMI, including the feasibility and efficacy of F-DSMES. Additional research will help in understanding how to translate improvements in knowledge, family support, and self-management activities into improvements in HbA1c. This may include addressing social ecological factors that affect glycemic control.
keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Diabetes self-management education | HbA1c | Pre- and post-intervention | Marshallese
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Developing a coevolutionary account of innovation ecosystems
توسعه یک حساب همزمان از اکوسیستم های نوآوری-2021
Whilst research in innovation ecosystems has focused on the connectivity, interdependence, and coevolution of actors, technologies, and institutions, there has been a gap in the study of these relationships between actors, with little explanation given on how mutually interdependent parties adapt. In this paper, we draw further on the ecological metaphor to present a view of innovation ecosystems as complex adaptive systems, where patterns of change emerge from microlevel coevolutionary interactions between actors. Drawing on this view, we explore related implications for our understanding of ecosystem boundaries, coevolutionary rules of interaction, and how ecosystems are energized through innovation. Specifically, we contribute to the literature by developing a novel account of innovation ecosystems where actors are bound together through changing modes of coevolution. Drawing on this account, we explore key theoretical and practical implications for our understanding of ecosystem actors, rules of interaction, and the wider innovation ecosystem. We conclude that innovation both maintains and drives change within the innovation ecosystem, by altering the microlevel rules of interaction and coevolutionary relationships between actors.
keywords: تفوق | سیستم انطباق پیچیده | مرزها | اکوسیستم نوآوری | قوانین تعامل | میکروفوندیشن ها | Coevolution | Complex adaptive system | Boundaries | Innovation ecosystem | Rules of interaction | Microfoundations
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Automated classification of fauna in seabed photographs: The impact of training and validation dataset size, with considerations for the class imbalance
طبقه بندی خودکار جانوران در عکس های بستر دریا: تأثیر اندازه مجموعه داده های آموزش و اعتبار سنجی ، با ملاحظاتی برای عدم تعادل کلاس-2021
Machine learning is rapidly developing as a tool for gathering data from imagery and may be useful in identifying (classifying) visible specimens in large numbers of seabed photographs. Application of an automated classifi- cation workflow requires manually identified specimens to be supplied for training and validating the model. These training and validation datasets are generally generated by partitioning the available manual identified specimens; typical ratios of training to validation dataset sizes are 75:25 or 80:20. However, this approach does not facilitate the desired scalability, which would require models to successfully classify specimens in hundreds of thousands to millions of images after training on a relatively small subset of manually identified specimens. A second problem is related to the ‘class imbalance’, where natural community structure means that fewer spec- imens of rare morphotypes are available for model training. We investigated the impact of independent variation of the training and validation dataset sizes on the performance of a convolutional neural network classifier on benthic invertebrates visible in a very large set of seabed photographs captured by an autonomous underwater vehicle at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory. We tested the impact of increasing training dataset size on specimen classification in a single validation dataset, and then tested the impact of increasing validation set size, evaluating ecological metrics in addition to computer vision metrics. Computer vision metrics (recall, precision, F1-score) indicated that classification improved with increasing training dataset size. In terms of ecological metrics, the number of morphotypes recorded increased, while diversity decreased with increasing training dataset size. Variation and bias in diversity metrics decreased with increasing training dataset size. Multivariate dispersion in apparent community composition was reduced, and bias from expert-derived data declined with increasing training dataset size. In contrast, classification success and resulting ecological metrics did not differ significantly with varying validation dataset sizes. Thus, the selection of an appropriate training dataset size is key to ensuring robust automated classifications of benthic invertebrates in seabed photographs, in terms of ecological results, and validation may be conducted on a comparatively small dataset with confidence that similar results will be obtained in a larger production dataset. In addition, our results suggest that automated classification of less common morphotypes may be feasible, providing that the overall training dataset size is sufficiently large. Thus, tactics for reducing class imbalance in the training dataset may produce improvements in the resulting ecological metrics.
Keywords: Computer vision | Deep learning | Benthic ecology | Image annotation | Marine photography | Artificial intelligence | Convolutional neural networks | Sample size
مقاله انگلیسی
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