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نتیجه جستجو - erosion

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 32
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Not just an engineering problem: The role of knowledge and understanding of ecosystem services for adaptive management of coastal erosion
فقط یک مشکل مهندسی نیست: نقش دانش و درک خدمات اکوسیستم برای مدیریت انطباق فرسایش ساحلی-2021
Coastal ecosystems are recognized as important providers of ecosystem services such as carbon storage, increased fish productivity, and wave energy reduction. In a context of climate change, coastal ecosystems are exposed to erosion and subject to coastal squeeze, even as they provide natural coastal protection against extreme weather. While civil engineering solutions often take centre stage in mitigating coastal erosion and protecting infra- structure from storms and sea level rise, we seek to explore the social dimension of adaptive management of socio-ecological systems and more specifically the role of knowledge and learning. Using an ecosystem services (ES) framework, we provide a first evaluation of local stakeholders’ perceptions of coastal habitats in maritime Quebec. The findings demonstrate the importance of a social approach for coastal ES valuation, in particular in addressing the complex question of cultural ES. A better understanding of the links between coastal stakeholders and their natural environment can help decision-makers and practitioners design conservation management and coastal adaptation measures mainstreaming the role of coastal habitats. Nevertheless, a change towards a socio- ecological perspective will require long-lasting processes that build on social capacities, such as flexible in- stitutions and multilevel governance systems.
keywords: حکومت انطباقی | ابعاد اجتماعی | فرسایش ساحلی | خدمات محیط زیستی | زیستگاه های ساحلی | ادراک ذینفعان | Adaptive governance | Social dimension | Coastal erosion | Ecosystem services | Coastal habitats | Stakeholders’ perception
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Efficiency of postfire hillslope management strategies: Gaps of knowledge
کارآیی راهبردهای مدیریت هیپلپن پس ازفایر: شکاف دانش-2021
Fire regimes have changed due to environmental and socioeconomic factors which have led to an increase in the number, frequency, intensity, extension, and severity of fire events. On this context, postfire management is crucial for preserving forest ecosystems’ functions and biodiversity, and returning them to prefire levels (both in the short- and long-term) after wildfires. Currently, there is a lack of available research evaluating the impacts of plant and soil hillslope restoration strategies on the ecosystem properties of burned forests, leading to much uncertainty among land managers. The lack of availability information may be explained by undue weight given to the influence of microclimatic conditions in each burned area, insufficient monitoring activities and ineffective technical design related to postfire management strategies. Hence, the continuing need for more studies evaluating the relative importance of these strategies on returning the structure and functions of forest ecosystems after fire.
keywords: Wildfire | Soil erosion | Runoff | Ecosystem restoration.
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Function, persistence, and selection: Generalizing the selected-effect account of function adequately
عملکرد، تداوم و انتخاب: تعمیم حساب اثر انتخابی عملکرد به اندازه کافی-2021
The selected effect account is regarded by many as one of the most attractive accounts of function. This account assumes that the function of a trait is what it has been selected for. Recently, it has been generalized by Justin Garson to include cases in which selection is understood as a simple sorting process, i.e., a selection process between entities that do not reproduce. However, once extended, this generalized selected effect account seems to ascribe functions to entities for which it looks unintuitive to do so. For instance, the hardness of rocks on a beach being differentially eroded by waves would be ascribed the function of resisting erosion. Garson provides one central argument why, despite appearance, one should not ascribe functions in cases of such sorting processes. In this paper, I start by presenting his argument, which hinges on whether a collection of entities form a population. I find it wanting. I argue instead that some selection processes are evolutionarily more or less interesting and that when a selection process is regarded as evolutionarily uninteresting, it will yield an uninteresting form of function rather than a reason for withholding the concept of function altogether.
keywords: ماندگاری | عملکرد | انتخاب | انطباق | اثرات انتخاب شده | Persistence | Function | Selection | Adaptation | Selected effects
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Electrical discharge machining of oxide and nitride ceramics: A review
ماشینکاری تخلیه الکتریکی سرامیک های اکسید و نیترید: مرور-2021
Ceramics are widespread materials for engineering applications due to their properties, such as low wear resistance and coefficient of thermal expansion. The high hardness and brittleness of ceramics reveal their difficulties in traditional machining. Electrical discharge machining is induced to be a method for machining non-conductive ceramics in the present review. The ability to be subjected to electrical discharge machining depends on their electrical properties. Some techniques allow subjecting to electrical discharge machining insulating materials where impulses are addressed to assisting films or particles. However, the most promising cutting ceramics’ machining results stayed under expectations, with a maximum depth of 1651 um. The study is devoted to the systematization of the obtained during the last decades’ results, analyses of the chemical content of the formed erosion products using assisting electrodes made of Copper subgroup, elements of the second-third period, d-elements in hydrocarbon and water medium based on the theory of structure and transformation of substances for Al2O3, AlN, SiAlON, Si3N4, ZrO2, development of the alternative perspectives and unique cross-disciplinary approach that is critical for transitioning to the sixth technological paradigm associated with the Kondratieff waves.
Keywords: Alumina | Electrical discharge machining | Oxide | Nitride | SiAlON | Zirconia
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Life in riverine islands in Bangladesh: Local adaptation strategies of climate vulnerable riverine island dwellers for livelihood resilience
زندگی در جزایر رودخانه ای در بنگلادش: استراتژی های سازگاری محلی ساکنان جزیره رودخانه ای آسیب پذیر در برابر آب و هوا برای تاب آوری معیشت-2020
Adaptation is a key tool to reduce the climate change vulnerability of rural people whose livelihood is dependent on agriculture. An appropriate policy and strategy cannot be effective without a proper understanding of peoples’ climate change perception. This study intends to explore the local adaptation strategies of the riverine island (char) dwellers in the face of climate change hazards through a survey of 374 char dwellers living in the flood and riverbank erosion prone geographically isolated areas in Bangladesh. The study reveals almost no difference between the perception of char dwellers and the observed data on climate change. It further reports that the climate impacts make the char households a vulnerable community and minimize their livelihood resilience. A number of local adaptation strategies are adapted by char dwellers in the face of climate change effects which enhance their livelihood resilience. The study further reveals that homestead gardening, changing cropping pattern, tree plantation and migration are the most common strategies adapted by char dwellers. The study suggests that continuous development program and riverine island-based disaster management projects should be executed through an effective monitoring for enhancing char dweller’s livelihood resilience.
Keywords: Climate change | Vulnerability | Disaster management | Resilience | Sandbar
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Future trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services in Mediterranean forests under global change scenarios
معاملات آتی و هم افزایی بین خدمات اکوسیستم در جنگل های مدیترانه تحت سناریوهای تغییر جهانی-2020
Mediterranean forests play a key role in providing services and goods to society, and are currently threatened by global change. We assessed the future provision of ecosystem services by Mediterranean pine forests under a set of management and climate change scenarios, built by combining different regional policies and climate change assumptions. We used the process-based model SORTIE-ND to simulate forest dynamics under each scenario. We coupled the outputs of SORTIE-ND with empirical and process-based models to estimate changes in harvested timber, carbon storage, mushroom yield, water provision, soil erosion mitigation and habitat for biodiversity by 2100, and assessed the trade-offs and synergies between services. Our results suggest that future provision of ecosystem services by Mediterranean forests will be more strongly determined by management policies than by climate. However, no management policy maximized the provision of all services. The continuation of the business-as-usual management would benefit some services to the detriment of water provision, but leads to higher vulnerability to extreme drought-events or wildfires. Managing for reducing forest vulnerability will balance the provision of services while reducing the risk of damage to forest functioning. We also found multiple spatial synergies between ecosystem services provision, likely driven by differences in site productivity.
Keywords: Ecosystem services | SORTIE-ND | Forest dynamics | EU-forest policies | Climate change | Multi-functional forest | Climate-smart forestry
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Using retracted journal articles in psychology to understand research misconduct in the social sciences: What is to be done?
استفاده از مقالات مجله جمع شده در روانشناسی برای درک سوء رفتار پژوهشی در علوم اجتماعی: چه کاری باید انجام شود؟-2020
This paper explores the nature and impact of research misconduct in psychology by analyzing 160 articles that were retracted from prominent scholarly journals between 1998 and 2017. We compare findings with recent studies of retracted papers in economics, and business and management, to profile practices that are likely to be problematic in cognate social science disciplines. In psychology, the principal reason for retraction was data fabrication. Retractions took longer to make, and generally were from higher ranked and more prestigious journals, than in the two cognate disciplines. We recommend that journal editors should be more forthcoming in the reasons they provide for article retractions. We also recommend that the discipline of psychology gives a greater priority to the publication of replication studies; initiates a debate about how to respond to failed re- plications; adopts a more critical attitude to the importance of attaining statistical significance; discourages p- hacking and Hypothesizing After Results are Known (HARKing); assesses the long-term effects of pre-registering research; and supports stronger procedures to attest to the authenticity of data in research papers. Our con- tribution locates these issues in the context of a growing crisis of confidence in the value of social science research. We also challenge individual researchers to reassert the primacy of disinterested academic inquiry above pressures that can lead to an erosion of scholarly integrity.
Keywords: Misconduct | Psychology | Research | Replication | Retractions
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Legal Remedies For a Forgiving Society: Children’s rights, data protection rights and the value of forgiveness in AI-mediated risk profiling of children by Dutch authorities
راه حل های قانونی برای یک جامعه بخشنده: حقوق کودکان ، حقوق محافظت از داده ها و ارزش بخشش در مشخصات ریسک کودکان با استفاده از هوش مصنوعی توسط مقامات هلندی-2020
30 years after the United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) and two years after the new EU data protection regime, the social value of forgiveness is not part of these legal instruments. The lack of this value within these legal instruments and the lack of re- search on the subject of forgiveness in relation to improving the legal position of children require urgent addressing especially when children are exposed to artificial intelligence (AI)- mediated risk profiling practices by Dutch government authorities. Developmental psychol- ogists underline that the erosion of this value could hamper children’s ability to develop flourishing human relationships. This article contributes to fill this niche. It investigates how this value can be enforced in order to benefit children below the age of 12 years that are exposed to risk profiling by Dutch law enforcement and youth care authorities. Children who are victims, witnesses, or falsely accused provide a particular narrowing of focus in this article as these groups cannot be held responsible for their correlations to crime. Strengthening children’s legal position is crucial because their position is much weaker compared to adults when it comes to question a risk correlation about themselves. These children correlated to crime, as this paper argues, not only can feel unjustifiably punished, ‘unforgiven’, and hampered in their choices, but can also develop low self-worth and (negative) judgmental attitudes towards others. Based on input from developmental psychology, empirical material, and legal desk research, this article seeks to answer: What remedies can the Law Enforcement Directive (LED) 2016/680, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) offer against the detrimental implications of risk profiling children by the ProKid 12- SI system and the Crime Anticipation System (CAS) in The Netherlands? How can the social value of forgiveness strengthen these instruments and the legal position of children in light of security interests and the best interests of the child? The analysis concludes that the CRC offers the broadest room for incorporating the principle of forgiveness into balancing tests, but certain LED and GDPR prescriptions could also support the value of forgiveness for children, such as the right to erasure. The analysis concludes that incorporating forgiveness into the mentioned legal instruments would not only benefit individual children but would also foster public safety as a result.
Keywords: Forgiveness | Risk profiles | Children rights | Data protection | AI | Correlations
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Shifting sands: Legal dispossession of small-scale miners in an extractivist era
جابجایی ماسه ها: عزل قانونی از معدنچیان در مقیاس کوچک در دوره استخراجی-2020
This article argues that the entanglements of a growing global demand for construction material and neoliberal resource governance result in an incremental and piecemeal form of dispossession. While mining in Colombia has been broadly researched, little has been said about sand extraction and the challenges small-scale artisanal miners face when trying to formalise their activities. This article seeks to fill this gap by following a group of areneros (manual sand extractors) who attempt to defend their right to sand extraction against a competing mining claim. Drawn into the domain of the state, the areneros navigate a changing institutional setup and a complex legislation that favours the wealthy, the lettered and the connected. Political-economic interests are masked behind procedures, symbols and legal-administrative means, which create a ‘state effect’ and result in a subtle form of legal dispossession. The article points towards a scalar model of dispossession, in which small-scale mining activities pass through ‘small-scale intermediaries’ to end up in the hands of private corporate actors with capital and technical expertise to conduct large-scale extraction. The article adds to the limited literature on sand extraction and challenges the view that the activity is merely conducted by criminal actors; yet, it argues that subsistence mining is under threat by government and corporate interests, positioning sand extraction as a new resource frontier. As small-scale miners find themselves in the conflict between two competing rights regimes and two competing production logics, they are doubly stretched between proletarianization and eviction, criminalisation and self-erosion.
Keywords: Legal dispossession | Small-scale mining | Sand extraction | Afro-descendants | State-making | Recognition
مقاله انگلیسی
10 At the boundaries of institutional theorizing: Individual entrepreneurship in episodes of regulatory change
در مرزهای نظریه پردازی نهادی: کارآفرینی فردی در دوره های تغییر نظارتی-2020
We analyse the institutional dynamics surrounding the establishment of independent audit oversight in Germany from 1997 to 2016. Complementing prior works, which have focused on countries where the global demand for independent regulation coincides with the domestic erosion of public trust in professional self-regulation, we investigate regulatory change in a context featuring strong trust in the accounting profession. To analyse the accounting establishment’s response to expanding global standards of accounting regulation and the escalating resistance of small accounting firms, as orchestrated by one individual, we mobilize a Bourdieusian field perspective and the literature on institutional entrepreneurship. By demonstrating how intra-professional conflict has increasingly eroded the establishment’s capital to reproduce its hegemonic field position and keep the regulator at distance, our case provides a counterpoint to prior research, which suggests that oversight is mainly the product of negotiations between a unified profession and the regulatory authority. Examining a rare instance of individual entrepreneurship also enables us to engage in a theory-testing process on the explanatory power of institutional ambiguitiesdthe subjectively perceived ruptures and contradictions within established social arrangementsdfor agency. Our findings suggest that ongoing encounters with institutional ambiguities result in varying disposition to activism. In this way, while acknowledging agency as a cause of field reproduction and change, our analysis shifts attention towards the relational, temporal, and transformational institutional dynamics that constitute distinct modes of agency. By identifying empirical residuals that seem to escape theorization, we also reveal the limits of institutional theorizing.
Keywords: Audit oversight | Institutional entrepreneurship | Field change | Institutional ambiguities | Institutional biography
مقاله انگلیسی
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