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11 |
DNA, the imperfect proof
DNA ، اثبات ناقص-2020 Due to the progress of science and the stakes of inquiry and sentence, the DNA analysis is subject ofa substantial development within the area of criminal procedure. However, the DNA is by no means aperfect evidence and it faces scientific, ethic and legal limits which result in reconsidering the balancebetween the stakes of punishment and the protection of Fundamental Freedoms. Keywords:DNA (criminology) | Genetic prints | File (genetic prints) | Expertise (genetic) |
مقاله انگلیسی |
12 |
Nonlinear response spectrum analysis of structures equipped with nonlinear power law viscous dampers
تجزیه و تحلیل طیف پاسخ غیرخطی سازه های مجهز به میراگر چسبناک قانون غیرخطی-2020 Response spectrum analysis is recognized as a reliable and practical method for dynamic analysis of structures
subjected to earthquake excitation. However, for structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers (NVDs),
the classical linear response structural analysis cannot be applied due to the nonlinearity induced by such devices,
typically in the form of a power law function of the velocity. In this paper, the nonlinear differential
equation governing the dynamic response of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system equipped with NVD is
first converted into a set of surrogate linear differential equations using the perturbation technique. The first
linear system (zero order) is excited by the real earthquake acceleration time-history, whereas the other SDOF
surrogate systems are subjected to virtual excitations based on the velocity responses resulting from the previous
linear equations (in a recursive fashion). By performing response spectrum analysis on each surrogate SDOF
linear equation and combining the results, the nonlinear response spectrum is estimated. By using Fourier
transform and simplifying the frequency-dependent functions, a convenient method is presented for practical
design purposes. The proposed method lends itself to be readily adopted in international codes of practice by
establishing an equivalent damping ratio. The proposed method, introduced for a SDOF system, is easily extended
to multi-storey building structures equipped with different NVDs, and applied to a two-story and to two
six-story building frames. The results obtained through the proposed method are in very good agreement with
results obtained by nonlinear time-history analyses for a wide set of parameter combinations. Keywords: Nonlinear response spectrum analysis | Nonlinear viscous damper | Earthquake engineering | Perturbation technique | Power law damping | Fourier transform | Seismic analysis | Response spectrum method |
مقاله انگلیسی |
13 |
Influence of institutional economics on firm birth and death: A comparative analysis of hospitality and other industries
تأثیر اقتصاد نهادی بر تولد و مرگ محکم: یک تحلیل مقایسه ای از مهمان نوازی و سایر صنایع-2020 This paper investigates how public policies, such as taxes and regulations influence firm formation (birth) and closure (death) in the hospitality and other industries in the United States (US), using an institutional economics approach and the dimensions of the Economic Freedom of North America (EFNA) index. The literature has been scant when it comes to examining the effects of policies of formal institutions on firms’ birth and death in the hospitality industry, and whether these effects in hospitality differ from those of other sectors. The study uses panel data from government sources and the EFNA dimensions and applies cross-sectional dependence and unit root tests, followed by a panel generalized least square approach for the analysis. Our findings show that components of economic freedom have varying effects on firms’ birth and death. The study provides practical contributions for policymakers and managers by improving the understanding of firm births and deaths in the US. Keywords: Entrepreneurship | Hospitality industry | Economic | freedom | Institutional economics | Firm birth and death | Public policies |
مقاله انگلیسی |
14 |
Comparing prison and documentary contexts on the treatment of incest offenders. An interview with Guillaume Massart
مقایسه زندان و زمینه های مستند در مورد درمان مجرمان محارم : مصاحبه ای با Guillaume Massart-2020 To study the effects of penal and cinematographic contexts at Casabianda, a prison without bars located in Corsica, in which 80% of inmates have committed acts of sexual violence upon family members younger than fifteen years old.
Method
We interviewed Guillaume Massart, director of the film La Liberté, who followed the trajectory of men convicted of incestuous acts for one year.
Results
The film leads to an exploration of the environment and how it impacts speech. Here, a certain freedom of expression becomes possible for the prisoners through the disruption of the relative muteness brought on by the devastating effect of prison life.
Discussion
Once the typical prison experiences of confinement and brutal violence are removed, it becomes possible to better understand the weight of individual factors on the possibility, or the impossibility, for the inmates to subjectivize their trajectories. The manner of investigation carried out by this documentary approach allows some prisoners to seize this unexpected opportunity for expression, using language that reveals internal conflicts, taking advantage of the free association allowed by the intimate relationship that develops with the filmmaker.
Conclusion
The cinematographic and penal contexts seem to enact a reconciliation between geographic space that surrounds the prisoners and their psychic space, so that even the unthinkable of incest does not foreclose the possibility of transformation, with potential outcomes for the psychic treatment of the violence of these criminals. Keywords : Prison, Documentary film | Sex offenders | Incest | Violence | Therapeutic mediation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
15 |
Data protection law beyond identifiability? Atmospheric profiles, nudging and the Stratumseind Living Lab
قانون حفاظت از داده ها فراتر از قابلیت شناسایی؟ پروفایل های جوی، تلنگر زدن و آزمایشگاه زنده Stratumseind-2020 The deployment of pervasive information and communication technologies (ICTs) within
smart city initiatives transforms cities into extraordinary apparatuses of data capture. ICTs
such as smart cameras, sound sensors and lighting technology are trying to infer and affect
persons’ interests, preferences, emotional states, and behaviour. It should be no surprise
then that contemporary legal and policy debates on privacy in smart cities are dominated
by a debate focused on data and, therefore, on data protection law. In other words, data protection law is the go-to legal framework to regulate data processing activities within smart
cities and similar initiatives. While this may seem obvious, a number of important hurdles
might prevent data protection law to be (successfully) applied to such initiatives. In this contribution, we examine one such hurdle: whether the data processed in the context of smart
cities actually qualifies as personal data, thus falling within the scope of data protection
law. This question is explored not only through a theoretical discussion but also by taking
an illustrative example of a smart city-type initiative – the Stratumseind 2.0 project and its
living lab in the Netherlands (the Stratumseind Living Lab; SLL). Our analysis shows that the
requirement of ‘identifiability’ might be difficult to satisfy in the SLL and similar initiatives.
This is so for two main reasons. First, a large amount of the data at stake do not qualify
as personal data, at least at first blush. Most of it relates to the environment, such as, data
about the weather, air quality, sound and crowding levels, rather than to identified or even
likely identifiable individuals. This is connected to the second reason, according to which,
the aim of many smart city initiatives (including the SLL) is not to identify and target specific
individuals but to manage or nudge them as a multiplicity – a combination of the environment, persons and all of their interactions. This is done by trying to affect the ‘atmosphere’
on the street. We thus argue that a novel type of profiling operations is at stake; rather than
relying on individual or group profiling, the SLL and similar initiatives rely upon what we have called ‘atmospheric profiling’. We conclude that it remains highly uncertain, whether
smart city initiatives like the SLL actually process personal data. Yet, they still pose risks for
a wide variety of rights and freedoms, which data protection law is meant to protect, and a
need for regulation remains. Keywords: Data protection | Personal data | Smart city | Profiling | Nudging | Stratumseind |
مقاله انگلیسی |
16 |
Reinforcement learning in dual-arm trajectory planning for a free-floating space robot
یادگیری تقویتی در برنامه ریزی مسیر دو بازو برای یک ربات فضایی شناور آزاد-2020 A free-floating space robot exhibits strong dynamic coupling between the arm and the base, and the resulting position of the end of the arm depends not only on the joint angles but also on the state of the base. Dynamic modeling is complicated for multiple degree of freedom (DOF) manipulators, especially for a space robot with two arms. Therefore, the trajectories are typically planned offline and tracked online. However, this approach is not suitable if the target has relative motion with respect to the servicing space robot. To handle this issue, a model-free reinforcement learning strategy is proposed for training a policy for online trajectory planning without establishing the dynamic and kinematic models of the space robot. The model-free learning algorithm learns a policy that maps states to actions via trial and error in a simulation environment. With the learned policy, which is represented by a feedforward neural network with 2 hidden layers, the space robot can schedule and perform actions quickly and can be implemented for real-time applications. The feasibility of the trained policy is demonstrated for both fixed and moving targets. Keywords: On-orbit servicing | Free-floating space robot | Dual-arm trajectory planning | Reinforcement learning | Fixed and moving targets |
مقاله انگلیسی |
17 |
Struggling to strike the right balance between interests at stake: The ‘Yarovaya’, ‘Fake news’ and ‘Disrespect’ laws as examples of ill-conceived legislation in the age of modern technology
تلاش برای ایجاد تعادل مناسب بین منافع در خطر: قوانین "Yarovaya"، "Fake News" و "بی احترامی" به عنوان نمونه هایی از قوانین نادرست در عصر فناوری مدرن-2020 The article deals with the legislative amendments that have been recently adopted in the Russian Federation, the so-called ‘Yarovaya’ law, the ‘fake news’ law and the ‘disrespect’ law. It explains the essence and problems of implementation of the above-mentioned legal instruments and assesses them from the human rights angle. It is established that the rather complex laws under analysis pose significant threats to the human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals, including privacy, data protection and freedom of expression, and introduce other additional negative effects to the Russian society and economy. While in the adoption of such legislation it is crucial to give due weight to the involved interests, the used examples indicate that the State’s interests seem to prevail at the cost of the rights and freedoms of those who need to be adequately protected.© 2020 E. Moyakine and A. Tabachnik. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Keywords: Russian legislation | Yarovaya law | Fake news law | Disrespect law | Human rights | Privacy | Data protection | Freedom of expression | Public safety | Public security |
مقاله انگلیسی |
18 |
Modeling pedestrian-cyclist interactions in shared space using inverse reinforcement learning
مدلسازی تعاملات عابر پیاده و دوچرخه سوار در فضای مشترک با استفاده از یادگیری تقویتی معکوس-2020 The objective of this study is to model the microscopic behaviour of mixed traffic (cyclistpedestrian)
interactions in non-motorized shared spaces. Video data were collected at two
locations of Robson Square non-motorized shared space in downtown Vancouver, British
Columbia. Trajectories of cyclists and pedestrians involved in interactions were extracted
using computer vision algorithms. The extracted trajectories were used to obtain several
variables that describe elements of road users’ behaviour including longitudinal and lateral
distances, speed and speed differences, interaction angle, and cyclist acceleration and yaw
rate. The road users behaviour was modeled as utility-based intelligent rational agents
using the finite-state Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework with unknown reward
functions. The study implemented Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) using two algorithms:
the Maximum Entropy (ME) algorithm, and the Feature Matching (FM) algorithm
to recover/estimate the reward function weights of cyclists in two types of interactions
with pedestrians: following and overtaking interactions. Reward function weights infer
cyclist preferences during their interactions with pedestrians in non-motorized shared
spaces, and can form the key component in developing agent based microsimulation model
for road users. Furthermore, the estimated reward functions were used to estimate cyclists’
optimal policy for such interactions. A simulation platform was developed using the estimated
reward functions and the cyclist optimal policies to simulate cyclist trajectories
for the validation dataset. Results show that the Maximum Entropy (ME) IRL algorithm
outperformed the Feature Matching (FM) IRL algorithm, and generally provided reasonable
results for modeling such interactions in non-motorized shared spaces, considering the
high degrees of freedom in movement and the more-complex road users interactions in
such facilities. This research is considered an important step toward developing a full
Agent-Based Model (ABM) for road users in shared space facilities to evaluate the safety
and efficiency of such facilities. Keywords: Shared space modeling | Overtaking behavior | Following behavior | Simulation | Cyclist and pedestrian | Reward function |
مقاله انگلیسی |
19 |
Consolidated and inconclusive effects of additive manufacturing adoption: A systematic literature review
اثرات تلفیقی و بی نتیجه تصویب تولید مواد افزودنی: یک مرور ادبیات سیستماتیک-2020 Additive manufacturing (AM) is considered an emerging Industry 4.0 technology with the potential to significantly change operations and supply chain management.In this context, this study aims to explore the effects of AM adoption on how companies conduct business. To achieve this goal, a systematic literature review including 136 papers was conducted. As a result, a framework including all of the effects (consolidated and inconclusive) found of AM adoption on a company’s business was developed. While various effects (e.g., the feasibility of a complex product, the freedom of product design, mass customization capability, and productvariety) have frequently been studied in the literature and are consolidated, some are still considered consolidated effects but presenting only conceptual studies (e. g., enterprise reliability, equipment reliability/availability for maintenance, information flow, and production democratization) then needed practical research. In addition, there are still contradictions regarding the effects of AM on competitiveness, cost, dependence on the supplier, environmental impact, health and safety, product quality, production efficiency, responsiveness, supply chain complexity and flexibility, worker qualifications, number of workers and workload (inconclusive effects). In the end, this paper identifies management and technical/technological aspects to be considered when adopting AM, which have positive or negative effects on the AM adoption process. The most important aspects include technology, production strategy, technical requirements and supply chain distribution, influencing AM adoption positively or negatively. Then, we also highlight some inconclusive research results from the literature, presenting opportunities for future research. This work may support managers and policy makers in better understanding the AM adoption process and their potential business impacts. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
20 |
Neural network-based seismic response prediction model for building structures using artificial earthquakes
مدل پیش بینی لرزه ای مبتنی بر شبکه عصبی برای سازه های ساختمان با استفاده از زلزله های مصنوعی-2020 In this paper, a new model for predicting seismic responses of buildings based on the
correlation of ground motion (GM) and the structure is presented by simulating numerous
artificial earthquakes (AEQs). In the model, neural network (NN) configurations representing
the relationships between GM characteristics and seismic responses of a structure
are developed to predict responses of the structure with only GM data measured by
monitoring system in future seismic events. To extract the GM characteristics, multiple
AEQs corresponding to the design response spectrum are generated based on probabilistic
vibration theory, instead of using historical earthquakes. In the presented NN configurations,
GM characteristics including mean and predominant period, significant duration,
and peak ground acceleration are established as the input layer and the maximum interstory
drift ratio and maximum displacement are established as the output layer. In addition,
a new parameter called resonance area is proposed to represent the relationship
between a GM and a target structure in the frequency domain and utilized in the NN input
layer. By employing the new parameter, dynamic characteristics of the structure are
considered in the response estimation of the model with related to GM. The model is
applied to seismic response prediction for four multi-degrees-of-freedom (MDOF) structures
with different natural periods using 2700 AEQs. The validities of the presented NN
models are confirmed by investigating the performance of response prediction. The
effectiveness of the resonance area parameter in the NN for predicting the seismic responses
is assessed and discussed. Furthermore, the effects of the constitution of NNs and
computational costs of those NNs on estimation were investigated. Finally, the presented
model is employed for prediction of seismic responses for a structural model of a planar
reinforced concrete building structure. Keywords: Structural health monitoring | Seismic response prediction | Neural network | Artificial earthquake |
مقاله انگلیسی |