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Strengthening science, technology, and innovation-based incubators to help achieve Sustainable Development Goals : Lessons from India
تقویت علم، فن آوری، و رشد مبتنی بر نوآوری برای کمک به دستیابی اهداف توسعه پایدار: درس هایی از هند-2020 Policymakers in developing countries increasingly see science, technology, and innovation (STI) as an avenue for
meeting sustainable development goals (SDGs), with STI-based startups as a key part of these efforts. Market
failures call for government interventions in supporting STI for SDGs and publicly-funded incubators can potentially
fulfil this role. Using the specific case of India, we examine how publicly-funded incubators could
contribute to strengthening STI-based entrepreneurship. Indias STI policy and its links to societal goals span
multiple decades—but since 2015 these goals became formally organized around the SDGs. We examine why
STI-based incubators were created under different policy priorities before 2015, the role of public agencies in
implementing these policies, and how some incubators were particularly effective in addressing the societal
challenges that can now be mapped to SDGs. We find that effective incubation for supporting STI-based entrepreneurship
to meet societal goals extended beyond traditional incubation activities. For STI-based incubators
to be effective, policymakers must strengthen the ‘incubation system’. This involves incorporating targeted SDGs
in specific incubator goals, promoting coordination between existing incubator programs, developing a performance
monitoring system, and finally, extending extensive capacity building at multiple levels including for
incubator managers and for broader STI in the country. Keywords: Science technology and innovation | developing countries | entrepreneurship | incubators | public policy | sustainable development goals | science policy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The impact of Brexit on the future of UK forensic science and technology
تأثیر Brexit در آینده علم و فناوری پزشکی قانونی انگلیس-2019 This article seeks to assess the prospects of UK forensic science and technology in a post-Brexit world by
analysing four interlocking issues: Brexit itself, the evolution of national criminal justice organisational
and funding priorities, the increasing interrelationship of science and technology in the forensic domain
and the relatively disadvantaged place of forensic science and technology within the contemporary
‘scientific state’ paradigm. The results are generally pessimistic for the likely future of forensic science.
This conclusion is reinforced by scepticism about the wisdom of proceeding with Brexit. The article is
structured to identify the potential implications of British political decisions on its national forensic
science capabilities and capacity. Some aspects of the analysis are likely to have a wider resonance for
international discourse about the future sustainability of forensic science and technology, however,
particularly the interface between the globalisation of science and technology with justice. Keywords: Brexit | Forensic science and technology | International criminal justice cooperation | Fiscal austerity | National science policy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Research Portfolio Analysis in Science Policy: Moving from Financial Returns to Societal Benefits
تحلیل نمونه کارهای پژوهش در سیاست علمی: برگرداندن حرکت مالی به مزایای اجتماعی-2015 Funding agencies and large public scientific institutions are increasingly
using the term ‘‘research portfolio’’ as a means of characterizing their research.
While portfolios have long been used as a heuristic for managing corporate R&D
(i.e. R&D aimed at gaining tangible economic benefits), they remain ill-defined in a
science policy context where research is aimed at achieving societal outcomes. In
this article we analyze the discursive uses of the term ‘‘research portfolio’’ and
propose some general considerations for their application in science policy. We
explore the use of the term in private R&D and related scholarly literature in
existing science policy practices, and seek insight in relevant literature in science
policy scholarship. While the financial analogy can in some instances be instructive,
a simple transposition from the world of finance or of corporate R&D to public
research is problematic. However, we do identify potentially fruitful uses of portfolio analysis in science policy. In particular, our review suggests that the concept of
research portfolio can indeed be a useful analytical instrument for tackling complex
societal challenges. Specifically, the strands of scholarship identified suggest that
the use of research portfolio should: i) recognize the diversity of research lines
relevant for a given societal challenge, given the uncertainty and ambiguity of
research outcomes; ii) examine the relationships between research options of a
portfolio and the expected societal outcomes; and iii) adopt a systemic perspective
to research portfolios – i.e. examine a portfolio as a functional whole, rather than as the sum of its parts. We argue that with these considerations, portfolio-driven approaches may foster social inclusion in science policy decisions, help deliberation
between ‘‘alternative’’ portfolios to tackle complex societal challenges, as well as
promote cost-effectiveness and transparency.
Keywords: Research portfolio | Prioritisation | Research landscape | Societal challenges |
مقاله انگلیسی |