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نتیجه جستجو - social theory

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 6
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Steps toward a theory of place effects on drug use: Risk, marginality, and opportunity in small and remote California towns
گامهایی برای دستیابی به نظریه اثرات مکانی بر مصرف مواد مخدر: خطر ، حاشیه و فرصت در شهرهای کوچک و دور افتاده کالیفرنیا-2020
The risk environment concept provides a framework for documenting ecological influences on drug use, and a platform to engage with social theory to identify mechanisms behind place-based health disparities. Health scientists conceptualize these mechanisms in terms of social determinants of health, social scientists in terms of syndemics and structural violence. I supplement these perspectives with Pierre Bourdieus concepts of social space, practice, and habitus to offer a broader analysis of how place shapes drug-related health risks, particularly outside of the large cities where most research is conducted. This approach encompasses inequality, conflict, and social change at multiple levels of social organization, from macrodistributions of power to trajectories of individual drug use. I offer three pointers for scholarship on drug use in nonurban places, which I illustrate with findings from an ethnographic study of opioid use and opioid-related services in California. First, replace the folk notion of “rural” with geographic categories grounded in relevant social structures and institutions, such as social networks or illicit drug markets. Second, examine how variation in the structure of social and physical space affects processes of marginalization and criminalization. Third, avoid negative definitions of nonurban places, and instead explore their distinctive institutions and opportunity structures. Following this approach, I define acquainted marginality and small-town habitus to explain how dense networks and geographic isolation shape local government and survival strategies among people who use drugs. I find that in small and remote towns, personal and professional relationships overlap in ways that augment surveillance and stigma, but can also facilitate leniency and progressive policy change. I conclude by using these findings to outline a theory of place effects on drug use and addiction to encourage future research in these directions.
Keywords: Risk environment | Rural | Social space | Practice | Acquainted marginality | Small-town habitus
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Epidemiological rage: Population, biography, and state responsibility in trans- health activism
خشم اپیدمیولوژیک : جمعیت ، زندگی نامه ، و مسئولیت دولت در فعالیت سلامت دو جنسیتی ها -2020
This article examines how social movements reconceptualized trans-health in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Looking ethnographically to medical and activist practice, the article analyzes “epidemiological biographies”, or activistproduced community-based studies blending quantitative and narrative data. It draws on population health, feminist science studies, transgender studies, and social theory to discuss the circulation and implications of these publications. Specifically, it describes how epidemiological biographies disputed health behavioral models by defining state violence and criminalization as primary conditions endangering health and life expectancy among travestis and trans-people. The article analyzes how activist researchers made state violence legible through logics of population health, even as the concept of “population” also emerged from techniques of state control. In contrast with models that place individual behavior at the locus of health interventions, activists instead advanced interventions that contested state securitization and shifted resource distribution. Epidemiological biographies had a considerable effect on national trans-health politics, providing an evidentiary basis for several regulatory shifts. These studies emerged in part through collective political action that reformulated dominant modes of statistical aggregation. This statistical turn—which I call “statistical collectivization”— produced contradictory effects. At one level, it obscured differential conditions of criminalization and violence. At another, it directed attention to the markedly racialized, sexualized, classed, and gendered forms of subjugation that materialize in landscapes of trans-health, and prioritized materially distributive regulation over and above civil protections. Through these contradictory actions, social movements reformulated dominant notions of health by challenging state securitization and contesting state power.
Keywords: Argentina | Travesti | Transgender health | Epidemiology | Statistics | State violence | Social movements | Science & technology studies
مقاله انگلیسی
3 How do data come to matter? Living and becoming with personal data
چگونه داده ها مهم می شوند؟ زندگی و تبدیل شدن به داده های شخصی-2018
Humans have become increasingly datafied with the use of digital technologies that generate information with and about their bodies and everyday lives. The onto-epistemological dimensions of human–data assemblages and their relationship to bodies and selves have yet to be thoroughly theorised. In this essay, I draw on key perspectives espoused in feminist materialism, vital materialism and the anthropology of material culture to examine the ways in which these assemblages operate as part of knowing, perceiving and sensing human bodies. I draw particularly on scholarship that employs organic metaphors and concepts of vitality, growth, making, articulation, composition and decomposition. I show how these metaphors and concepts relate to and build on each other, and how they can be applied to think through humans’ encounters with their digital data. I argue that these theoretical perspectives work to highlight the material and embodied dimensions of human–data assemblages as they grow and are enacted, articulated and incorporated into everyday lives.
Keywords: Digital data | epistemology | ontology | personal data | social theory | sociomaterial
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Rethinking organizational design for managing multiple projects
تفکر مجدد روی طراحی سازمانی برای مدیریت کردن پروژه های چندگانه-2018
This paper aims at positioning organizational design as an important phenomenon in the field of project management with a high potential of contributing to organizational theory. While organizational design has been neglected by scholars of management and organizational theory, it has been of great interest to those from the project management field. This incongruence—comprising the focus of this study—calls for new insights on theorization in context. The paper provides a preliminary theoretical framework combining contingency theory, the historical approach and social theory to understand organizational design, both as a thing and as a process. It provides empirical evidence from three case studies in healthcare. Findings confirm the specificity of each design while at the same time adopting a similar temporal pattern. We take this opportunity to highlight the seminal work of Rodney Turner on project-based organization and design. Executive summary In this day and age, it is commonplace to assert that organizations are complex and that they change continuously over time. The complexity is said to exist, for example, in large organizations dealing with multiple competing projects while at the same time performing their regular operations. The concept of organizational design refers to both the resulting organization (the thing) and the process of performing the design. The field of project management has made many theoretical contributions to organizational design; yet it has also created confusion by introducing a plurality of terms for describing and understanding such organizations. Organizational design is increasingly a topic in the literature from management and organizational theory and, especially, from project management. A review of the literature from both fields demonstrates that contingency theory is still considered as a major theoretical foundation for situating the organization within its context. The review also points to an increasing interest in social perspectives taking into account politics, organizational dynamics, paradoxes and pluralism. In addition, it shows an opportunity for scholars in project management to contribute to management and organizational theory. This research proposes a pluralist theoretical framework for tackling contingency theory with the historical approach and social theory. The empirical setting is comprised of complex large organizations—in this case, three university hospitals engaged in major organizational transformations—that are challenged to pursue their regular operations while undertaking multiple completing projects. Interestingly, the three hospitals are from the same geographical region. The organizational design was thus a crucial question and, in light of the complexity, no one-size-fits-all type of solution was strived for. Results confirmed the prevalence of individual organizational design rather than mimetism, or homogenization, between the three hospitals. Being in the same region, the heads of the respective project management offices met on a number of occasions to exchange about their challenges and solutions. Nevertheless, in the end each hospital made an individual decision regarding its organizational design. The study also identified organizational design as an ongoing process, introducing the concept of trajectory to illustrate how projects and organizational design change over time. In doing so, we observed a pattern where reflection and sense-making took place before engaging in any specific decision regarding the organizational design. The theoretical contribution of this research is to demonstrate the potential of pluralist theoretical frameworks for understanding complex phenomena such as organizational design in the context of managing multiple projects. More specifically, the process view of organizational design was found to reveal new insights that would have remained hidden otherwise. From a practical view, our research challenges cer
مقاله انگلیسی
5 A theory framework for balancing vertical and horizontal leadership in projects
یک چارچوب نظری برای متعادل سازی رهبری افقی و عمودی در پروژه ها-2018
This paper develops a framework for understanding the interaction between person-centered leadership by project managers (a.k.a. vertical leadership (VLS)) and team-centered leadership by individuals in the project team (a.k.a. horizontal leadership (HSL)). It builds on Archers Realist Social Theory and its morphogenetic cycle, which describes the interaction of structure with agency for task fulfillment and the resulting reshaping (morphogenesis) or continuation (morphostasis) of structure for subsequent iterations of the cycle. Data were collected globally in 33 case studies with 166 interviews and analyzed using Alvessons Constructing Mystery technique. A theory about the cycles and events that shape the interaction between VLS and HLS is developed, which includes events such as nomination, identification, selection, execution and governance, as well as transitioning. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
keywords: Horizontal leadership |Vertical leadership |Shared leadership |Balanced leadership |Morphogenetic cycle |Project management
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Differences and similaritites between corporate governance principles in Islamic banks and Conventional banks
تفاوت و شباهت بین اصول حاکمیت شرکتی در بانک های اسلامی و بانک های متعارف-2017
The purpose of this paper is to present the some differences and similarities between corporate governance principles in Islamic banks and conventional banks by paradigmatic diversification. Since Corporate governance in Islamic banks is a social phenomenon in Islamic societies, the paper uses social theory paradigms (functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist and radical structuralist) to compare between corporate governance in Islamic banks and conventional banks. This paper demonstrates that mainstream corporate corporate governance theories are not a law of nature but a social construct.
Keywords: Corporate governance | Islamic banks | Conventional banks | Paradigms
مقاله انگلیسی
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