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1 |
Environmental and economic sustainability of key sectors in Chinas steel industry chain: An application of the Emergy Accounting approach
پایداری محیط زیست و اقتصادی بخش های کلیدی در زنجیره صنعت فولاد چین: استفاده از رویکرد حسابداری ظاهری-2021 Increasing urbanization day–by–day requires new housing and transportation infrastructures. As a consequence,
demand for steel – a basic material for buildings construction as well as for vehicles and railroads – would also
increases. This study applies Emergy Accounting (EMA) to assess the Chinás steel industry environmental per-
formance and to identify key application sectors. Subsequently, this study calculates emergy–based indicators
capable to assess the present economic performance, environmental sustainability, and land resource appropriate
utilization. Building on these indicators, changes of sustainability scenarios in key application sectors are also
investigated, with special focus on increased use of recycled steel. The results show that the environmental
impacts of steel use in downstream sectors, specially in the Housing and Vehicles Sectors, are significantly
higher. Furthermore, the downstream sectors also have a very large requirement for embodied land. Addition-
ally, the Emergy Benefit Ratio (EBR) shows non-negligible advantages to China derived from importing raw iron
from abroad at international market prices. Finally, when the recycling rate of scrap steel increases, the per-
formance of downstream sectors improves, with the Vehicle sector showing the most significant changes.
Although the benefits of steel-based economy to society are clear, multidimensional sustainability concerns and
international competition for primary resources necessitate a transition towards increased recycling and inno-
vative materials within a strictly enforced “circular economy” policy. keywords: بخش های کاربردی فولاد | حسابداری امری | بازیافت فولاد و استفاده مجدد از فولاد | ارزیابی پایداری | Steel application sectors | Emergy accounting | Steel recycling and reusing | Sustainability assessment |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Ontology knowledge base combined with Bayesian networks for integrated corridor risk warning
پایگاه دانش هستی شناسی همراه با شبکه های بیزی برای هشدار خطر یکپارچه راهرو-2021 With the accelerated urbanization process, the emergence of urban underground integrated pipeline corridors
is the trend for cities, especially large and medium-sized cities. However, due to the complexity of the internal
system of the integrated corridor, there are various risks in the process of its construction and operation and
maintenance, and the risk factors are complex and diverse. In this paper, we introduce ontology technology and
knowledge base construction into the risk management of integrated pipeline corridor, build an ontology-based
knowledge base of integrated pipeline corridor risk, and construct a Bayesian network based on the established
risk knowledge base for risk evaluation of identified risk factors. The combination of ontology knowledge base
construction and Bayesian network method of integrated pipeline corridor risk makes the risk identification
system completer and more effective, and the method can effectively evaluate the disaster risk level of
integrated pipeline corridor operation and maintenance, which can meet the practical needs of integrated
pipeline corridor operation and maintenance risk management and disaster prevention and mitigation work.
Keywords: Integrated corridor | Risk warning | Ontology knowledge | Bayesian networks |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
The size distribution of cities in China: Evolution of urban system and deviations from Zipf’s law
توزیع اندازه شهرها در چین: تکامل سیستم شهری و انحراف از قانون زیف-2020 How are urban residents distributed and agglomerated across different-sized cities? This question can be addressed
by studying urban system or Zipf’s law. Using Chinese data for the period of 1990–2017, this paper
contributes to the literature by exploring the evolution of urban system, and more importantly deviations from
Zipfs law. It is found that (1) The size distribution of Chinese cities, as expected, did not follow Zipf’s law until
very recently. Both large cities and small towns were under-sized relative to the Zipf’s law, implying possible loss
of agglomeration economies; (2) When the top 10% large cities are excluded, the Chinese data fit the Zipfs law
better, demonstrating the adverse role of government interference in containing the growth of mega-cities; (3)
By and large, the distribution has been moving closer or further away from Zipf’s law, corroborating with policy
directions in the relevant five-year plans of the central government; and (4) Government interferences helped
enlarge while market forces helped reduce the numerical deviations of individual cities from Zipf’s law. The last
three analytical findings are the first in the literature since no previous studies have focused on the issue of why
urban system in China does not follow Zipf’s law. In particular, no earlier efforts have been made to model
numerical deviations from Zipf’s law, as attempted in this paper. The results appeal for removal of government
interferences and furthering market-based reforms in order to reap economies of agglomeration. Keywords: Deviations from Zipf’s law | Agglomeration | Urban system | Urbanization | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
What are we discarding during the life cycle of a building? Case studies of social housing in Andalusia, Spain
در طول چرخه زندگی یک ساختمان چه چیزی را دور می زنیم؟ مطالعات موردی مسکن اجتماعی در اندلس ، اسپانیا-2020 The paper evaluates for the first time the embodied impact in CDW during the buildings life cycle by
means of the bill of quantities of construction projects. The main objective is to be able to predict the
future CDW to be generated by a project in the design stage, by means of the bill of quantities of the
urbanization, construction, renovation, rehabilitation and demolition projects. The tools already in place
for cost control can be used as an instrument for the introduction of sustainability considerations in construction
projects. The methodology proposes a connection between the different stages of a building’s
life cycle, more precisely its budget. The latter is linked to other future budgets for building renovations
or retrofitting projects. The result shows that urbanization and demolition generate 90% of CDW, the former
is caused by earthworks and the latter is due to the elimination of all building materials. The building
is removed 1.3 times, in terms of material weight, energy and water. Finally, traditional models for economic
control and waste management in construction projects can be the vector which introduce environmental
assessment through the building life cycle. Keywords: Embodied energy | Embodied water | Economic impact | Urbanization | Construction and demolition waste | Social housing |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Assessment of urban land use efficiency in China: A perspective of scaling law
ارزیابی راندمان استفاده از اراضی شهری در چین: چشم انداز قانون مقیاس بندی-2020 In the context of urbanization and sustainable development, efficient urban land use is essential, especially in China, the world’s most populous country. Within this context, the law of urban scaling reveals the nonlinear scale relationship between urban indicators and urban population, which can be applied to adjust the bias of the raw or the per capita indices used in the measurement of local urban performance at different scales. However, the manner in which the urban scaling law applies to China and how it can be used to assess urban land use efficiency (ULUE) is still unclear. In this study, we employ scale-adjusted metropolitan indicators (SAMIs) to assess ULUE in Chinese cities. We first considered the urban population to calculate the land input performance (LIP) and land output performance (LOP), then we quantify ULUE and identify four related patterns. We further investigate the temporal and spatial variations of ULUE and explore the characteristics and policy implications of ULUE values. Results from our study indicate that ULUE assessments from the perspective of the urban scaling law can effectively correct the bias caused by the urban size, thereby allowing for an objective understanding of performance of cities in different sizes. From 2012 to 2016, ULUE of Chinese cities showed a steadily rising trend. The ULUE patterns of most cities remained unchanged and showed significant “path dependence.” However, the disparity in ULUE between regions is widening. Specifically, the cities in the south are better than those in the north, and the cities in the northeast have significantly deteriorated ULUEs. Some cities showed a high ULUE, especially Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Wuhan. Spatial autocorrelation analysis suggests that geographically neighboring cities are likely to perform similarly regarding ULUE. In terms of policy implications, our work can provide a clear direction for development of cities in urban size and urban efficiency. Keywords: Urban scaling law | Land use efficiency | Land use | Urbanization | Urban | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Building shading affects the ecosystem service of urban green spaces: Carbon capture in street canyons
سایه اندازی ساختمان بر خدمات اکوسیستم فضاهای سبز شهری تأثیر می گذارد: جذب کربن در دره های خیابان-2020 The urban building environment has dramatically transited into a high-rise style. Consequently, street canyons have changed the daytime solar radiation distribution and indirectly affected the photosynthesis of the sur- rounding ecosystems. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, quantitative studies are rare. In this study, a new approach combining radiation simulation and in situ observations was proposed, aiming to provide support towards sustainable urban spatial planning and management. Taking the Central Business District (CBD) of Beijing as the research area, the range and intensity of the shading effect were assessed based on a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Solar Radiation Analysis (SRA). The findings reveal the following: 1) The daytime carbon capture of green space was 33.14 ± 12.43 gCO2 m-2 d-1, which included 85.6%, 11.9%, and 2.5% from trees, shrubs, and grassland, respectively. 2) The Carbon Capture Index (CCI) of the arbor zone was approxi- mately two and five times that of shrubs and grassland, respectively. The sensitivity of carbon capture to the building height increased in the order shrubs < grassland < trees. To enhance current carbon capture, trees and shrubs should play a dominant role in urban greening planning. 3) When constructing enclosed buildings and planting inside, as well as to the north of high buildings in northern hemisphere cities, a setback line is strongly suggested according to the building height. 4) When the building height increased by 10% or by one floor, the carbon capture declined by 0.29 tCO2•km-2 d-1 or 0.40 tCO2•km-2 d-1, respectively. These results suggest that the modern urbanization process reduces the utilization efficiency of daytime solar energy and potentially impairs the ecological service of the urban green space. Keywords: Carbon capture | Ecosystem service | Solar Radiation Analysis (SRA) | Digital Surface Model (DSM) | Building shading effect | Street canyon |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
How does urban expansion impact people’s exposure to green environments? A comparative study of 290 Chinese cities
توسعه شهری چه تأثیری در مواجهه افراد با محیط های سبز دارد؟ مطالعه تطبیقی 290 شهر چین-2020 Understanding the difference of greenspace in different urban areas is a critical requirement for maintaining
urban natural environment and lessening environmental inequality. However, how urban
expansion impacts on people’s exposure to ambient green environments has been limitedly addressed.
Here we integrated multi-source geospatial big data including mobile-phone location-based service
(LBS) data, Sentinel-2, and nighttime light satellite imageries to quantitatively estimate changes in
people’s exposure to green environments for 290 cities in China from 1992 to 2015. Results showed that
the urban expansion process directly led to differences in green environments between old and new
urban areas. These differences were not only observed by the green coverage rate but also captured using
a dynamic assessment of people’s exposure to greenspace. For most of China’s large cities, people could
enjoy more greenspace in new urban areas than the old ones. A significant day-to-night variation of
people’s exposure to greenspace was identified between old and new urban areas. Our results also
revealed that urbanization did bring some positive effects to improve green environments for cities
located in harsh natural conditions (e.g., semiarid/arid and desert regions). Keywords: Urban greenspace | Urban sprawl | Exposure assessment | Old and new urban area | Human mobility |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Construction and demolition waste management contributing factors coupled with reduce, reuse, and recycle strategies for effective waste management: A review
عوامل موثر در کاهش ساخت و ساز و مدیریت زباله های فاضلاب استفاده مجدد و بازیافت استراتژی ها برای مدیریت مؤثر زباله: مرور-2020 Construction and demolition waste (C&DW) as a direct consequence of rapid urbanization is increasing
around the world. C&DW generation has been identified as one of the major issues in the construction
industry due to its direct impacts on the environment as well as the efficiency of construction industry. It
is estimated that an overall of 35% of C&DW is landfilled globally, therefore, effective C&DW management
is crucial in order to minimize detrimental impacts of C&DW for the environment. As the industry
cannot continue to practice if the resources on which it depends are depleted, C&DWmanagement needs
to be implemented in an effective way. Despite considering many well-developed strategies for C&DW
management, the outputs of the implementation of these strategies is far from optimum. The main
reason of this inefficiency is due to inadequate understanding of principal factors, which play a vital role
in C&DWmanagement. Therefore, the aim of this research is to critically scrutinize the concept of C&DW
and its managerial issues in a systematic way to come up with the effective C&DWmanagement. In order
to achieve this aim, and based on a systematic review of 97 research papers relevant to effective C&DW
management, this research considers two main categories as fundamental factors affecting C&DW
management namely, C&DW management hierarchy including reduce, reuse, and recycle strategies, and
effective C&DW management contributing factors, including C&DW management from sustainability
perspective, C&DW stakeholders’ attitudes, C&DW project life cycle, and C&DW management tools.
Subsequently, these factors are discussed in detail and findings are scrutinized in order to clarify current
and future practices of C&DW management from both academic and practical perspectives. Keywords: Construction and demolition waste | management | Construction and demolition waste | management hierarchy | Effective construction and demolition waste | management contributing factors | Effective construction and demolition waste | management |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Deciphering the recreational use of urban parks: Experiments using multi-source big data for all Chinese cities
رمزگشایی استفاده تفریحی از پارک های شهری: آزمایش هایی با استفاده از داده های بزرگ چند منبع برای همه شهرهای چین-2020 China’s rapid urbanization process has accentuated the disparity between the demand for and supply of
its park recreational services. Estimations of park use and an understanding of the factors that influence it
are critical for increasing these services. However, the data traditionally used to quantify park use are
often subjective as well as costly and laborious to procure. This paper assessed the use of parks through
an analysis of check-in data obtained from the Weibo social media platform for 13,759 parks located in all
287 cities at prefecture level and above across China. We investigated how park attributes, accessibility,
and the socioeconomic environment affected the number and density of park check-ins. We used multiple
linear regression models to analyze the factors influencing check-ins for park visits. The results
showed that in all the cities, the influence of external factors on the number and density of check-in visits,
notably the densities of points of interest (POIs) and bus stops around the parks was significantly positive,
with the density of POIs being the most influential factor. Conversely, park attributes, which included the
park service area and the landscape shape index (LSI), negatively influenced park use. The density of POIs
and bus stops located around the park positively influenced the density of the recreational use of urban
parks in cities within all administrative tiers, whereas the impact of park service areas was negative in all
of them. Finally, the factors with the greatest influence varied according to the administrative tiers of the
cities. These findings provide valuable inputs for increasing the efficiency of park use and improving
recreational services according to the characteristics of different cities. Keywords: Weibo check-ins | Park attributes | Regression models | Park usage | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Analyzing the Influencing Factors of Urban Thermal Field Intensity Using Big-Data-Based GIS
تجزیه و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر از شدت میدان حرارتی شهری با استفاده از GIS مبتنی بر داده های بزرگ-2020 The effects of human activities and land cover changes on urban thermal
field patterns are closely related to the land surface temperature (LST) and air
temperature. At present, the number of studies on the quantitative relationship
between these two indexes and the effect of the observational scale on their
influence is insufficient. In this study, spatial analysis methods such as geographic
modeling were combined with remote sensing images, meteorological data, and
points of insert and used to investigate the composition and scale of the factors
influencing the temperature field in Beijing. The results showed that there are
differences in the positive and negative correlations between LST and air
temperature and various influencing factors. At a spatial resolution of 90 m, LST
had a strong linear relationship with the average air temperature. Indicators
reflecting elements of human activity, such as buildings, roads, and entertainment,
were easily measured by meteorological stations at a small scale, and the natural
green space ratio could also be easily captured by satellite thermal sensors at small
scales. These results have substantial implications for environmental impact
assessments in areas experiencing an increasing urban heat island effect due to
rapid urbanization. Keywords: land-surface temperature | thermal field pattern | POI data | GIS | air temperature |
مقاله انگلیسی |