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Integrative design of the optimal biorefinery and bioethanol supply chain under the water-energy-food-land (WEFL) nexus framework
Integrative design of the optimal biorefinery and bioethanol supply chain under the water-energy-food-land (WEFL) nexus framework-2021 This study presents a comprehensive decision model for the integrative design of a biorefinery for bioethanol production and its supply chain (BPSC) under the water-energy-food-land (WEFL) nexus framework. A new optimization model was developed using a mixed integer linear programming to simultaneously identify the optimal process configuration of a bioethanol production plant and the optimal bioethanol supply network. The objective function of the model is to minimize the total annual cost for establishing and operating the BPSC to meet society’s needs (energy, water and food) under the limited resources and land availabilities, and technology capacity. The proposed model can provide the optimal solutions for design and operation of the BPSC: i) the types, and quantities of feedstocks; ii) types, number, and location of facilities and; iii) regional flows. The capability of the proposed model was validated through the case study of Jeju Island, Korea, with two scenarios: BPSC by cost (COPT) and nexus (NOPT) optimization. As a result, it was identified that the BPSC in NOPT requires higher energy supply cost (8.55 B$) than the COPT (6.44 B$). However, the BPSC in NOPT can satisfy the society demands with relatively smaller consumption of occupied land (2%), fresh water (30%) and primary energy consumption (64%) than that of the COPT, respectively.© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Nexus | Optimization | Biofuel | Bioethanol supply chain | Korea |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Comparative sustainability assessments for integrated cassava starch wastes biorefineries
ارزیابی پایداری تطبیقی برای مواد زائد نشاسته گیاه کاساوا-2020 Sustainable development in cassava starch industries is hampered by high cost and environmental
burdens associated with the business-as-usual (BAU) waste management strategies. In BAU, starch
wastewater & bagasse wastes are anaerobically digested to produce biogas for starch drying with the
digestate getting disposed into watercourses while the cassava stalks are burnt. Converting the wastes
into high-value bio-products in an integrated cassava wastes biorefinery (CWB) could enhance the
economic exploitation while reducing the environmental burdens of the wastes. Five simulated CWBs
and the BAUhave been assessed and compared using simulations in SimaPro and a percentage sustainability index (PSI) estimation tool to identify product integration schemes that support the development of sustainable CWBs. The CWB scenarios included (I) combined heat & power, with (II) hexosebioethanol, (III) pentose & hexose-bioethanol, (IV) pentose-bioethanol þ glucose syrup, and (V) pentosebioethanol þ succinic acid. The environmental impacts generally increased with the number of product
integrations within the biorefinery gate boundaries. However, accounting for avoided emissions from the
corresponding fossil-products, the CWBs show higher emission savings than the BAU. The PSIs for the
CWBs show that scenarios (I)-(II) favour the economic dimension over the environment dimension and
vice versa for scenarios (III)-(V) and the BAU. Based on the substantial net power (~148e363 kW h/1 t
feedstock) and fossil emission reduction potentials, implementation of green power tariffs could enhance
the economic dimension for near-term applications of the CWBs. Thus, the CWBs should be explored for
their potential to enhance sustainable industrial developments in cassava starch industries. Keywords: Bioethanol | Environmental impacts | Integrated biorefineries | Integrated cassava starch wastes | Life cycle sustainability assessments | Succinic acid |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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بازبینی عوامل موثر بر موفقیت قراردادهای آتی: نقش شرکت کنندگان در بازار
سال انتشار: 2017 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 37 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 26 مبادله تجاری شیکاگو در اوایل سال ۲۰۱۰ یک قرارداد آتی (سلف، پیش فروش) برای دانه های تقطیر خشک شده (DDG ها) معرفی کرد، اما بازار تنها چهار ماه پس از آغاز به کار خود متوقف شد. در حالی که بسیاری از قراردادهای آتی جدید به معامله گران با ظرفیت بالا تبدیل نمیشوند، سود شرکت کنندگان در بازار نقدی DDG نشان داد که این قرارداد میتواند موفق باشد. با توجه به فقدان غیر منتظره فعالیت تجاری در این بازار آتی جدید، ما به طور تجربی به بررسی این سوال میپردازیم که چه عواملی به موفقیت یک قرارداد آتی کمک میکنند و در همین راستا هم ادبیات تحقیق را با بررسی نقش شرکت کنندگان بازار و اهمیت حمایت از بازارهای آتی بسط میدهیم. نتایج برآورد نشان میدهد که نوع تامینکننده یا محتکرکننده شرکتکننده بازار بر حجم معاملات قراردادهای آتی تاثیر میگذارد. مهمتر اینکه، ما دریافتیم که دوام قراردادهای آتی جدید برای کالاهایی که به طور مشترک با سایر کالاها تولید میشوند، تحتتاثیر حجم تجاری تامین کنندگان قرارداد آتی مربوطه قرار دارد. این نتایج، موارد مهمی را به پرتفوی یا سبد شاخصهای مورد استفاده توسط مبادلات کالا اضافه میکند تا به طور مقرونبهصرفهتر، محصولات قرارداد آتی جدید را مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد.
کلمات کلیدی: دانه ها یا غلات تقطیر خشک شده | اتانول | بازارهای آتی (معاملات سلف) | تولید مشترک | شرکت کنندگان در بازار | بازار پشتیبان | حجم تجارت |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
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Design of biofuel supply chains with variable regional depot and biorefinery locations
طراحی زنجیره های تامین سوخت زیستی با مکان های مختلف منطقه ای و دفن زباله-2017 We propose a multi-period mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for the design and oper
ational planning of cellulosic biofuel supply chains. Specifically, the proposed MILP model accounts for
biomass selection and allocation, technology selection and capacity planning at regional depots and
biorefineries. Importantly, it considers the location of regional depots and biorefineries as continuous
optimization decisions. We introduce approximation and reformulation methods for the calculation of
the shipments and transportation distance in order to obtain a linear model. We illustrate the applica
bility of the proposed methods using two medium-scale examples with realistic data.
Keywords:Cellulosic ethanol|Biorefinery|Mathematical programming|Optimization|Reformulation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Using system dynamics modeling to evaluate the feasibility of ethanol supply chain in Brazil: The role of sugarcane yield, gasoline prices and sales tax rates
استفاده از مدل سازی دینامیکی سیستم برای ارزیابی امکان زنجیره تامین اتانول در برزیل: نقش عملکرد نیشکر، قیمت بنزین و نرخ مالیات فروش-2017 This paper explores how sugarcane yield, gasoline prices and sales tax rates affect the production and
consumption of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil. The system dynamics model of the sugarcane and
ethanol production chain explores the impact of these variables to evaluate the feasibility of ethanol
production. Using the VENSIM software different arrangements for sugarcane yield, gasoline prices and
sales tax were simulated (horizon of 20 years). Brazils Federal Government policy of gasoline price
below the international price and the diversity of state sales tax rates produce distortions in the ethanol
market and impose considerable constraints on the development of the ethanol industry. The simula
tions show that to ensure the feasibility of ethanol production, the pump price of regular gasoline would
need to be US$1.95 per liter, which is far higher than the US$1.26 per liter currently charged. Public
policies involving the liberalization of gasoline prices and the homogenization of the sales taxes on
ethanol among the Brazilian states could reduce the distortions caused by these policies. These policies
could contribute to reduce uncertainty in the ethanol sector and encourage technological and productive
investments. Future research could add and evaluate the impacts of the environmental benefits of
ethanol production and consumption (Carbon Trade Market, Payment for Environmental Services and
Bioelectricity production) and of sugarcane byproducts on its feasibility. The sensitivity analysis revealed
the effectiveness of the model to support policies and managerial decisionmaking process in the sug
arcane ethanol sector.
Keywords:System dynamics|Ethanol supply chain|Sugarcane yield|Tax rates|Gasoline prices|Feasibility |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Integrating GIS with optimization method for a biofuel feedstock supply chain
ادغام GIS با روش بهینه سازی زنجیره تامین مواد زیستی سوخت زیستی-2017 Taking forest biomass, defined here as roundwood pulpwood, as feedstock, this study focused on locating
bioethanol facilities and designing the bioethanol feedstock supply chain to minimize the total system
cost. For this purpose an integrated approach combining Geographic Information System based analysis
with optimization modeling method was developed. Nine candidate bioethanol facilities were pre
selected based on the GIS method and served as input for the optimization modeling followed. The total
system cost and the delivered feedstock cost were calculated under demand and supply uncertainties.
Both cost values increase significantly as the annual bioethanol demand grows or the biomass availability
decreases. This is because more feedstocks are required to be hauled from longer distances to support a
larger scale bioethanol facility or several smaller ones. It is also found that Gaylord shows up as one of the
optimized candidate no matter what the demand or supply is. The optimization model and identified
locations provides decision makers an integrated decision support system to determine optimized cost,
energy use, and GHG emissions for candidate locations.
Keywords:GIS|Optimization|Feedstock supply chain|Bioethanol facility|Spring breakup |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Multi-period stochastic optimization of a sustainable multi-feedstock second generation bioethanol supply chain − A logistic case study in Midwestern United States
بهینه سازی تصادفی چند دوره ای از چند مواد خام نسل دوم زنجیره تامین اتانول زیستی پایدار - مطالعه موردی لجستیکی ترابری در غرب میانه ایالات متحده-2017 This work proposes a multi-objective optimization model to design a sustainable multi-period second
generation biomass-to-bioethanol supply chain under multiple uncertainties. The objective is to simul
taneously maximize the economic, environmental, and social performance. The strategic decisions such
as land allocation for switchgrass cultivation, biorefinery locations and capacities, and the biomass-to
bioethanol conversion pathway are determined for each planning period which are staggered across the
entire planning horizon. The augmented ε–constraint method is used to trade-off among the compet
ing objectives and to obtain feasible solutions that achieve desired levels of sustainability. In order to
solve the proposed stochastic optimization model efficiently and effectively, this work proposes a solu
tion approach involving sequential application of a modified Sample Average Approximation method
and Benders decomposition. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
mathematical model and its impact on land usage and sustainability.
Keywords: Land use | Biomass-to-biofuel conversion | Logistic network | Multi-period supply chain planning | Stochastic mixed integer linear |programming (SMILP) | Sustainability |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass: Potentials of 2-butanone and 2-methylfuran in direct injection spark ignition engines
سوخت بازساخته از زیست توده: پتانسیل 2-بتنن و 2-متیلفوران در موتورهای احتراق مستقیم spark-2016 Two possible future biofuels, 2-butanone also referred to as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and
2-methylfuran, identified within the Cluster of Excellence ‘‘Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass” (TMFB),
have been evaluated as pure fuels in the present study. Investigations of the autoignition tendency were
carried out on a rapid compression machine (RCM), whereas thermodynamic investigations were
conducted on a direct injection spark ignition single cylinder research engine. 2-Methylfuran and
2-butanone were compared against the present benchmark biofuel for spark ignition engines ethanol
and conventional RON95 gasoline. A similar autoignition tendency compared to ethanol was found for
2-methylfuran. In case of 2-butanone very high ignition delay times were measured, even higher than
for ethanol and 2-methylfuran. For 2-butanone and 2-methylfuran, the lower heat of vaporization in
combination with higher vapor pressure and better primary breakup compared to ethanol are beneficial
for mixture formation. During the engine testing for both fuels, superior characteristics compared to
conventional gasoline and ethanol were identified. In case of 2-methylfuran, an increased combustion
stability, especially at low engine load and cold boundary conditions, could be found at a higher knock
resistance than conventional gasoline. In combination with increased compression ratio this enables
an efficiency increase of up to 19%, whereas for ethanol an even further increase of up to 21% is possible.
2-Butanone shows increased combustion stability at low engine load and cold boundary conditions com
pared to ethanol and also conventional gasoline as well as highest knock resistance equal to ethanol.
However, for both 2-butanone and 2-methylfuran increased emissions of nitrogen oxides were found
when compared to ethanol. For both possible future biofuels and also ethanol, a significant reduction
of particle emissions compared to conventional gasoline was found.
Keywords: Biofuels | 2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK) | 2-Methylfuran | Ethanol | Spark ignition (SI) engines | Ignition delay times |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Injured patients with very high blood alcohol concentrations
بیماران دارای جراحت با غلظت الکل خون بسیار بالا-2016 Objective: Most data regarding high blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) 400 mg/dL have been from
alcohol poisoning deaths. Few studies have described this group and reported their alcohol consumption
patterns or outcomes compared to other trauma patients. We hypothesised trauma patients with very
high BACs arrived to the trauma centre with less severe injuries than their sober counterparts.
Method: Historical cohort of 46,222 patients admitted to a major trauma centre between January 1, 2002 and October 31, 2011. BAC was categorised into ordinal groups by 100 mg/dL intervals. Alcohol questionnaire data on frequency and quantity was captured in the BAC 400 mg/dL group. The primary analysis was for BAC 400 mg/dL. Results: BAC was recorded in 44,502 (96.3%) patients. Those with a BAC 400 mg/dL accounted for 1.1% (147) of BAC positive cases. These patients had the lowest proportion of severe trauma and in-hospital death in comparison with the other alcohol groups (p < 0.001). In adjusted analysis, the risk for severe injury increased with the BAC groups between 1 and 199 mg/dL and was not different or decreased for groups above 200 mg/dL in reference to the BAC negative group (test for trend p = 0.001). BAC 400 group encountered more injuries caused by blunt trauma in comparison with the other alcohol groups (p < 0.001), and the group comprised mainly of falls. Admission Glasgow Coma Scale was a poor predictor for traumatic brain injury in the high BAC group. Readmission occurred in 22.4% (33) of patients the BAC 400 group. The majority of these patients reported drinking alcohol 4 or more days per week (81, 67.5%) and five or more drinks per day (79, 65.8%), evident of risky alcohol use. Conclusions: Most traumas admitted with BAC 400 mg/dL survived and their injuries were less severe than their less intoxicated and sober counterparts. They also had evidence for risky alcohol use and nearly one-quarter returned to the trauma centre with another injury over the study period. Recognition of this highest BAC group presents an opportunity to provide focused care for their risky alcohol use. Keywords: Injury | Injury prevention | Blood alcohol level | Ethanol | Trauma recidivism | Alcohol consumption | Alcohol use disorder | Blunt trauma | Forensic toxicology | Alcohol poisoning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Experimental investigation of performance, exhaust emission and combustion parameters of stationary compression ignition engine using ethanol fumigation in dual fuel mode
بررسی تجربی عملکرد، اگزوز انتشار و احتراق پارامترهای موتورهای احتراق تراکمی ثابت با استفاده از بخور اتانول در حالت دوگانه سوز-2016 Dwindling reserves and steeply increasing prices of the fossil-fuels, concern over climatic change due to release of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and the strict environmental regulations have motivated the researchers for the search for renewable alternative fuel that has clean burning characteristics and may be produced indigenously. Alcohols, being oxygenated fuel improve the combustion and reduce green- house gas emissions, thus enhancing agrarian economies and encouraging national economy as a whole. The objective of this paper is to investigate the thermal performance, exhaust emissions and combustion behaviour of small capacity compression ignition engine using fumigated ethanol. Fumigated ethanol at different flow rates is supplied to the cylinder during suction with the help of a simplified low cost etha- nol fuelling system. With ethanol fumigation, brake thermal efficiency decreased upto 11.2% at low loads due to deteriorated combustion, whereas improved combustion increased efficiency up to 6% at higher loads, as compared to pure diesel. Maximum reduction of 22%, 41% and 27% respectively in nitrogen oxide, smoke and carbon-di-oxide emissions with simultaneous increase in hydrocarbon and carbon- mono-oxide emissions upto maximum of 144% and 139% respectively for different rates of ethanol fumi- gation have been observed, when compared to pure diesel operation. This is due to the changes in physico-chemical properties of air fuel mixture, viz combustion temperature, oxygen concentration, latent heat of vaporisation, fuel distribution, cetane number and ignition delay, that occurred with addi- tion of ethanol content. The rise in peak pressure of cycle, heat release rate and ignition delay along with decrease in combustion duration for different rates of ethanol fumigation have been observed. Theincreasing fumigation levels of ethanol results in the increase of maximum rate of pressure rise by 0.3–0.5 bar/°crank angle and the crank angle after top dead centre, where peak pressure occurs, shifts by 1–4° of crank angle. It is also observed that maximum heat release rate increases by 2–9 J/°crank angleas compared to baseline diesel case. Coefficient of Variance of indicated mean effective pressure increases with ethanol fumigation.© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alternative fuels | Ethanol fumigation | Combustion |
مقاله انگلیسی |