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Addressing AI ethics through codification
پرداختن به اخلاق هوش مصنوعی از طریق تدوین-2020 AI ethics rapidly becomes one of the most
significant issues in assessing the impact of AI on social
welfare and development. A technology that does not meet
the ethical criteria of a society is likely to face a long and
hard process of acceptance regardless of its potentially
tremendous positive potential for long-term socio-economic
development. The development of artificial intelligence (AI)
technologies is undoubtedly associated with the need to
answer ethical questions, and the perception of AI in society
will be largely determined by compliance with ethical
criteria, whether written or not. At the same time, AI as a
technological system itself does not have a natural ethical
content; the authors believe that in practice ethical concerns
may be addressed by means of ethical codes and compliance
rules that articulate what constitutes ethical behaviour in
specific areas of application of AI systems. Such a set of rules
(a code for AI ethics) could be followed by all actors
throughout the complete lifecycle of the system starting with
the design stage. The specification of general ethical
principles as industry-specific codes of practice would also
facilitate classification, evaluation and measurement of
systems, both at the technical level and at the level of public
perception and trust. The article considers examples of codification of ethical
principles and offers several approaches for practical use in
solving issues of ethics in the field of AI at the national and
international level. Keywords: ethics | AI | codification | regulation | standards | responsibility | bias | trustworthiness | personal data protection | international cooperation in AI | soft regulation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The ethics of AI in health care: A mapping review
اخلاق هوش مصنوعی در مراقبت های بهداشتی: یک بررسی نقشه برداری-2020 This article presents a mapping review of the literature concerning the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in
health care. The goal of this review is to summarise current debates and identify open questions for future
research. Five literature databases were searched to support the following research question: how can the primary
ethical risks presented by AI-health be categorised, and what issues must policymakers, regulators and
developers consider in order to be ‘ethically mindful? A series of screening stages were carried out—for example,
removing articles that focused on digital health in general (e.g. data sharing, data access, data privacy, surveillance/
nudging, consent, ownership of health data, evidence of efficacy)—yielding a total of 156 papers that
were included in the review.
We find that ethical issues can be (a) epistemic, related to misguided, inconclusive or inscrutable evidence;
(b) normative, related to unfair outcomes and transformative effectives; or (c) related to traceability. We further
find that these ethical issues arise at six levels of abstraction: individual, interpersonal, group, institutional, and
societal or sectoral. Finally, we outline a number of considerations for policymakers and regulators, mapping
these to existing literature, and categorising each as epistemic, normative or traceability-related and at the
relevant level of abstraction. Our goal is to inform policymakers, regulators and developers of what they must
consider if they are to enable health and care systems to capitalise on the dual advantage of ethical AI; maximising
the opportunities to cut costs, improve care, and improve the efficiency of health and care systems,
whilst proactively avoiding the potential harms. We argue that if action is not swiftly taken in this regard, a new
‘AI winter’ could occur due to chilling effects related to a loss of public trust in the benefits of AI for health care. Keywords: Artificial intelligence | Ethics | Healthcare | Health policies | Machine learning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Ethics of autonomous weapons systems and its applicability to any AI systems
اخلاق سیستمهای تسلیحاتی خودمختار و کاربرد آن در هر سیستم هوش مصنوعی -2020 Most artificial intelligence technologies are dual-use. They are incorporated into both peaceful
civilian applications and military weapons systems. Most of the existing codes of conduct and
ethical principles on artificial intelligence address the former while largely ignoring the latter. But
when these technologies are used to power systems specifically designed to cause harm, the
question must be asked as to whether the ethics applied to military autonomous systems should
also be taken into account for all artificial intelligence technologies susceptible of being used for
those purposes. However, while a freeze in investigations is neither possible nor desirable, neither
is the maintenance of the current status quo. Comparison between general-purpose ethical codes
and military ones concludes that most ethical principles apply to human use of artificial intelligence
systems as long as two characteristics are met: that the way algorithms work is understood
and that humans retain enough control. In this way, human agency is fully preserved and moral
responsibility is retained independently of the potential dual-use of artificial intelligence
technology. Keywords: AI ethics | Meaningful human control | Autonomous weapons | Explainability | CCW | Dual-use AI |
مقاله انگلیسی |