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Understanding labour exploitation in the Spanish agricultural sector using an agent based approach
درک استثمار نیروی کار در بخش کشاورزی اسپانیا با استفاده از رویکرد مبتنی بر عامل-2019 Using an agent-based model we explore the model of slavery in modern business developed by Crane
(2013). Taking the Spanish agricultural sectordspecifically the area of Campo de Dalías in Almería where
much of Europes vegetables are growndas a case, we find that labour exploitation flourishes in communities
of like-minded companies that do not care about mainstream norms. We confirm which socioeconomic
aspects of labour demand/supply lead to slavery, while challenging the assumption that
markets which are dominated by few employers are more prone to exploiting workers. We find that,
regarding isolation and connectedness of employers, cluster effects and intense inter-employer
communication are particularly effective drivers of underpayment if the cluster is homogenous in
terms of wage level and if it is isolated from law-abiding employers. This means that employers tend to
confirm and reinforce each other in their illegal behaviour, thus creating enclaves in which non-standard
norms prevail and worker exploitation is regarded as legitimate. On the other hand, we see that breaking
the isolation of employees among each other only increases pay levels if there are law-abiding employers,
pointing to the potentially beneficial role social business and entrepreneurs, state-owned
companies, or public entrepreneurs could play for transforming labour conditions of entire markets. Keywords: Spanish agriculture | Diffusion of slavery | Agent based model | Unethical labour practices |
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