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Combining conventional and participatory approaches to identify and prioritise management and health-related constraints to smallholder pig production in San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines
تلفیق رویکردهای مرسوم و مشارکتی برای شناسایی و اولویت بندی مدیریت و محدودیتهای مرتبط با سلامتی در تولید خوک های خرده فروش در سن سیمون ، پامبانگا ، فیلیپین-2020 Pork is the main meat produced and consumed in the Philippines. The majority of pigs are raised by smallholders
who experience a range of constraints to their pig production. This study presents the findings of the first part of
an overarching project that used an Ecohealth approach and aimed to improve the production and competitiveness
of the smallholder pig system in an area of the Philippines. A participatory approach was embraced,
combining conventional and participatory epidemiology methods followed by a stakeholder discussion. The first
aim was to identify management and health-related constraints to pig production among smallholder famers in
San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines. The second aim was for the project team and stakeholders to jointly
prioritise activities for the immediate future to address these constraints. Key management and health-related
constraints identified included inadequate water supply to pigs, particularly lactating and gestating sows, and a
range of feeding-related issues. Diarrhoea was recognised as the disease syndrome of highest priority and limited
record keeping meant that farmers were unable to assess the productivity and profitability of their pig farming
enterprises. Actions jointly prioritised by stakeholders and the project team were: the appointment of a project
coordinator within each barangay; conduct two sets of seminars, the first covering water and nutrition and the
second piglet management and diarrhoea, to be delivered by technical experts but with farmer “trusted sources”
also sharing their experiences; development of easily understandable leaflets and posters covering key technical
information; promotion of nipple drinkers attached to five-gallon water containers and creep boxes for piglets,
and conduct of a record keeping workshop with a small group of innovative farmers to develop a useful and
usable tool for record keeping. The use of multiple approaches to data-gathering enabled triangulation of study
findings. Without any one of these components the understanding of the pig production system would have been
less complete and it is possible that the proposed actions would not have been as well-tailored to the needs of the
farmers. The participatory approach, in particular the stakeholder discussion, provided the opportunity to
embrace the “deciding together” and “acting together” stances of participation rather than the lower “information
giving” stance, thereby giving stakeholders greater ownership of the future activities of the overarching
project and beyond. Keywords: Philippines | Pig | Smallholder | Constraints | Participatory epidemiology | Ecohealth |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The harmonizing effect of Smart Snacks on the association between state snack laws and high school students fruit and vegetable consumption, United States—2005–2017
اثر هماهنگ کننده میان وعده های هوشمند در ارتباط بین قوانین میان وعده ایالتی با مصرف میوه و سبزیجات دانش آموزان دبیرستانی ، ایالات متحده — 2005-2017-2020 Despite national guidelines recommending daily fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption, intake of FV among
adolescents is low. Over the past 10–15 years, state and federal laws have reduced the availability of junk foods
in schools. This study examined the association between state snack laws and high school (HS) student FV
consumption. The overall sample included 99,785 HS students (outcome samples ranged from 96,209-97,328)
included in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). National Cancer Institute Classification of Laws Associated
with School Students data for 2004–2016 were lagged on to 2005–2017 YRBS data. Separate analyses examined
the state law-youth FV consumption relationship pre- and post-federal Smart Snacks standards (effective school
year 2014–2015). Analyses were conducted between 2018 and 2020.
Overall, state laws were associated with any vegetable, salad, and other vegetable consumption. The relationship
between state laws and vegetable consumption primarily occurred pre-Smart Snacks. Pre-Smart
Snacks, state laws were associated with higher odds of youth consumption of any vegetable, salad, carrots, and
other vegetables (all compared to students in states without snack laws). The only association post-Smart Snacks
was between strong state laws and salads.
This study illustrates the important role that standards restricting the availability of junk foods in schools can
have on increasing student vegetable consumption. Given current efforts to roll-back federal school meal
standards, findings from this study illustrate how federal standards harmonized the patchwork of state laws that
existed prior to Smart Snacks and the important role that consistent national standards can play in supporting
student consumption of vegetables. Keywords: Legal epidemiology | Nutrition | Schools | Fruit | Vegetables |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
روندهای فعلی و تحولات جدید در تحقیقات HIV (بیماری ایدز) و بیماری های پیرادندانی یا پریودنتال
سال انتشار: 2020 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 28 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 36 با ظهور درمانهای ضد ویروسی ترکیبی (cART)، چهره عفونت HIV به طور چشمگیری از یک بیماری تقریبا با مرگ و میر مشخص از نوع بیماریهای جدی همراه، به یک بیماری مزمن قابل کنترل با طول عمر طولانی تغییر کرده است. در این مقاله ما بررسیهای اخیر در مورد اپیدمیولوژی، میکروبیولوژی و پاتوژنز بیماریهای پریودنتال (پیرادندانی) در بیماران مبتلا به HIV و اثرات درمانهای ضد ویروسی ترکیبی (cART) بر روی شیوع و پیشرفت این بیماریها هم در بزرگسالان و هم در کودکان مبتلا به عفونت دوره نوزادی را ارائه میکنیم. علاوه بر این، مقایسه و فعل و انفعالات بالقوه بین میکروبیوم مرتبط با HIV، پاسخهای میزبان و پاتوژنز در حفره دهان با دستگاه گوارش و دیگر نواحی بدن نیز ارائه شده است. و علاوه بر همه ی اینها، اثرات HIV و cART بر بیماریهای همراه مانند کمبود بزاق، زوال عقل و پوکی استخوان در پیشرفت بیماری پریودنتال مورد بحث قرار میگیرند. |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
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Women in German forensic addiction treatment: Epidemiology and genderrelated decision making in jurisdiction
زنان آلمانی در درمان اعتیاد پزشکی قانونی : اپیدمیولوژی و تصمیم گیری جنسیتی در صلاحیت-2020 Purpose: Within the German legal framework, if an unlawful act is committed by a substance-addicted offender,
courts shall make a forensic addiction treatment order (referred to as FAT). In 2010–2015, German courts applied
this rule to 14,576 individuals. The article aims to explore the development of FAT sex ratios, its relation to
other criminological measures and its regional distribution - and to describe gender-related differences within
the FAT population.
Methods: Yearly and state-specific sex ratios in FAT orders were calculated and related to general delinquency
figures. Women were compared to men on various variables. We computed chi-square, t- and Kruskal-Wallis
tests.
Results: Compared to registered and sanctioned delinquency, women are steadily underrepresented, but the sex
ratio differs largely among German states. Compared to men, women are 1 year older, have a less severe criminal
history and a different distribution of addiction-related delinquency. Their average concurrent prison sentence is
shorter, indicating less severe offences.
Conclusions: Findings largely conform to epidemiological knowledge. However, it is unlikely that these effects
explain the extent of womens underrepresentation concerning FAT. Instead, FAT-application seems to be influenced
by gender-related decision biases in jurisdiction. Regional differences cannot be explained epidemiologically,
they seem to indicate different juridical “cultures”. Keywords: Forensic psychiatry | Substance abuse | Gender differences | Offender treatment | Epidemiology |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
What Can We Learn About Drug Safety and Other Effects in the Era of Electronic Health Records and Big Data That We Would Not Be Able to Learn From Classic Epidemiology?
چه چیزی می توانیم درباره ایمنی دارو و سایر تأثیرات در عصر سوابق الکترونیکی سلامت و داده های بزرگی که نمی توانیم از اپیدمیولوژی کلاسیک یاد بگیریم؟-2020 As more and more health systems have converted to the use of electronic health records,
the amount of searchable and analyzable data is exploding. This includes not just provider
or laboratory created data but also data collected by instruments, personal devices, and
patients themselves, among others. This has led to more attention being paid to the
analysis of these data to answer previously unaddressed questions. This is especially
important given the number of therapies previously found to be beneficial in clinical trials
that are currently being re-scrutinized. Because there are orders of magnitude more information
contained in these data sets, a fundamentally different approach needs to be
taken to their processing and analysis and the generation of knowledge. Health care and
medicine are drivers of this phenomenon and will ultimately be the main beneficiaries.
Concurrently, many different types of questions can now be asked using these data sets.
Research groups have become increasingly active in mining large data sets, including
nationwide health care databases, to learn about associations of medication use and
various unrelated diseases such as cancer. Given the recent increase in research activity in
this area, its promise to radically change clinical research, and the relative lack of widespread
knowledge about its potential and advances, we surveyed the available literature to
understand the strengths and limitations of these new tools. We also outline new databases
and techniques that are available to researchers worldwide, with special focus on
work pertaining to the broad and rapid monitoring of drug safety and secondary effects. Keywords: Electronic health record | Big data | Drug safety | Health care database | Cancer risk |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Inequity in California’s Smokefree Workplace Laws: A Legal Epidemiologic Analysis of Loophole Closures
نابرابری قوانین در محل کار و استعمال دخانیات در کالیفرنیا: تجزیه و تحلیل اپیدمیولوژیک قانونی بسته شدن حفره-2020 Introduction: California’s landmark 1994 Smokefree Workplace Act contained numerous exemptions,
or loopholes, believed to contribute to inequities in smokefree air protections among lowincome
communities and communities of color (e.g., permitting smoking in warehouses, hotel
common areas). Cities/counties were not prevented from adopting stronger laws. This study coded
municipal laws and state law changes (in 2015−2016) for loophole closures and determined their
effects in reducing inequities in smokefree workplace protections.
Methods: Public health attorneys reviewed current laws for 536 of California’s 539 cities and counties
from January 2017 to May 2018 and coded for 19 loophole closures identified from legislative
actions (inter-rater reliability, 87%). The local policy data were linked with population demographics
from intercensal estimates (2012−2016) and adult smoking prevalence (2014). The analyses
were cross-sectional and conducted in February−June 2019.
Results: Between 1994 and 2018, jurisdictions closed 6.09 loopholes on average (SD=5.28). Urban
jurisdictions closed more loopholes than rural jurisdictions (mean=6.40 vs 3.94, p<0.001), and
loophole closure scores correlated positively with population size, median household income, and
percentage white, non-Hispanic residents (p<0.001 for all). Population demographics and the loophole
closure score explained 43% of the variance in jurisdictions’ adult smoking prevalence. State
law changes in 2015−2016 increased loophole closure scores and decreased jurisdiction variation
(mean=9.74, SD=3.56); closed more loopholes in rural versus urban jurisdictions (meangain=4.44 vs
3.72, p=0.002); and in less populated, less affluent jurisdictions, with greater racial/ethnic diversity,
and higher smoking prevalence (p<0.001 for all).
Conclusions: Although jurisdictions made important progress in closing loopholes in smokefree
air law, state law changes achieved greater reductions in inequities in policy coverage.
Am J Prev Med 2020;58(3):e71−e78. © 2019 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Epidemiological rage: Population, biography, and state responsibility in trans- health activism
خشم اپیدمیولوژیک : جمعیت ، زندگی نامه ، و مسئولیت دولت در فعالیت سلامت دو جنسیتی ها -2020 This article examines how social movements reconceptualized trans-health in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Looking
ethnographically to medical and activist practice, the article analyzes “epidemiological biographies”, or activistproduced
community-based studies blending quantitative and narrative data. It draws on population health,
feminist science studies, transgender studies, and social theory to discuss the circulation and implications of
these publications. Specifically, it describes how epidemiological biographies disputed health behavioral models
by defining state violence and criminalization as primary conditions endangering health and life expectancy
among travestis and trans-people. The article analyzes how activist researchers made state violence legible
through logics of population health, even as the concept of “population” also emerged from techniques of state
control. In contrast with models that place individual behavior at the locus of health interventions, activists
instead advanced interventions that contested state securitization and shifted resource distribution.
Epidemiological biographies had a considerable effect on national trans-health politics, providing an evidentiary
basis for several regulatory shifts. These studies emerged in part through collective political action that reformulated
dominant modes of statistical aggregation. This statistical turn—which I call “statistical collectivization”—
produced contradictory effects. At one level, it obscured differential conditions of criminalization and
violence. At another, it directed attention to the markedly racialized, sexualized, classed, and gendered forms of
subjugation that materialize in landscapes of trans-health, and prioritized materially distributive regulation over
and above civil protections. Through these contradictory actions, social movements reformulated dominant
notions of health by challenging state securitization and contesting state power. Keywords: Argentina | Travesti | Transgender health | Epidemiology | Statistics | State violence | Social movements | Science & technology studies |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among US Adolescents and Young Adults
بیماریهای مقاربتی در بین نوجوانان و بزرگسالان آمریکایی-2019 Although sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) affect individuals of all ages, they take a
particularly heavy toll on young people.
Expanded, integrated, multilevel approaches are warranted to reverse recent increases in
STDs and improve sexual and reproductive health outcomes for adolescents and young
adults in the United States.
Approaches must reach beyond clinics and school classrooms; capitalize on cuttingedge,
youth-friendly technologies; and change social contexts in ways that encourage
young people’s healthy sexual decision-making. KEYWORDS : Adolescents | Young adults | Sexually transmitted diseases | Epidemiology | Clinical practice guidelines | Prevention |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Real-World Evidence, Causal Inference, and Machine Learning
شواهد در دنیای واقعی ، استنباط علت و یادگیری ماشین-2019 The current focus on real world evidence (RWE) is occurring at a time when at least two major trends are converging. First, is
the progress made in observational research design and methods over the past decade. Second, the development of
numerous large observational healthcare databases around the world is creating repositories of improved data assets to
support observational research.
Objective: This paper examines the implications of the improvements in observational methods and research design, as well
as the growing availability of real world data for the quality of RWE. These developments have been very positive. On the
other hand, unstructured data, such as medical notes, and the sparcity of data created by merging multiple data assets are not
easily handled by traditional health services research statistical methods. In response, machine learning methods are gaining
increased traction as potential tools for analyzing massive, complex datasets.
Conclusions: Machine learning methods have traditionally been used for classification and prediction, rather than causal
inference. The prediction capabilities of machine learning are valuable by themselves. However, using machine learning for
causal inference is still evolving. Machine learning can be used for hypothesis generation, followed by the application of
traditional causal methods. But relatively recent developments, such as targeted maximum likelihood methods, are directly
integrating machine learning with causal inference. Keywords: big data | causal inference | econometrics | epidemiology | machine learning | real-world evidence | targeted maximum likelihood estimator |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
انطباق وزنی بهینه مبتنی بر فرد برای شبکه های توزیع ناهمگن جهانی
سال انتشار: 2018 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 17 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 39 مطالعه ما درباره¬ی توزیع اپیدمیک در شبکه های وزنی، جهت دار و ناهمگن است. یک مکانیسم انطباق وزنی مبتنی بر فرد پیشنهاد شد که در آن قدرت تماس افراد با توجه به سطح توزیع شبکه قابل انطباق است. فرمول کنترل بهینه به منظور اشاره به ارتباط بین سطح سرایت جهانی و هزینه انطباق وزنی محلی مطابق با توپولوژي شبکه اتصال زیرزمینی ارائه شده است. وجود راه حل برای مسئله کنترل بهینه، به اثبات رسید و با استفاده از آنالیز ریاضی دقیق به بیان صریح دست یافتیم. علاوه بر این، به طوری تقریبی به راه حل بهینه رسیدیم و بصورت انحصاری آن را با یک تابع هزینه خاص بررسی کردیم. در یک سری از آزمایش های عددی، روش پیاده سازی forward-backward برای واسنجی نتایج تئوری به دست آمده، اتخاذ شد. یافته های ما بینش های جدید راجع به رابطه بین توزیع اپیدمیک در شبکه های پیچیده ناهمگن با دینامیک پاسخ های رفتاری و هزینه های استراتژی کنترل را به همراه پیامدهای مهم توسعه آتی سیاست های بهداشت عمومی تطبیقی مربوطه؛ پوشش نمیدهد.
کلید واژه ها: توزیع جهانی| انطباق وزنی بهینه | شبکه های ناهمگن وزنی | رفتار تطبیقی | مدل ریاضی | اپیدمیولوژی |
مقاله ترجمه شده |