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Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview
درگیری های محیطی و مدافعان: یک مرور کلی در سطح جهانی-2020 Recent research and policies recognize the importance of environmental defenders for global sustainability and
emphasize their need for protection against violence and repression. However, effective support may benefit
from a more systematic understanding of the underlying environmental conflicts, as well as from better
knowledge on the factors that enable environmental defenders to mobilize successfully. We have created the
global Environmental Justice Atlas to address this knowledge gap. Here we present a large-n analysis of 2743
cases that sheds light on the characteristics of environmental conflicts and the environmental defenders involved,
as well as on successful mobilization strategies. We find that bottom-up mobilizations for more sustainable
and socially just uses of the environment occur worldwide across all income groups, testifying to the
global existence of various forms of grassroots environmentalism as a promising force for sustainability.
Environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who employ largely non-violent protest
forms. In 11% of cases globally, they contributed to halt environmentally destructive and socially conflictive
projects, defending the environment and livelihoods. Combining strategies of preventive mobilization, protest
diversification and litigation can increase this success rate significantly to up to 27%. However, defenders face
globally also high rates of criminalization (20% of cases), physical violence (18%), and assassinations (13%),
which significantly increase when Indigenous people are involved. Our results call for targeted actions to enhance
the conditions enabling successful mobilizations, and for specific support for Indigenous environmental
defenders. Keywords: Environmental justice | Environmentalism of the poor | Environmental conflicts | Sustainability | Statistical political ecology | EJAtlas |
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