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نتیجه جستجو - تعصب

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1 برهم کنش متقابل جهت گیری ها نشان‌دهنده رمز گشایی سطح بالا به پایین در حافظه کار بصری است
سال انتشار: 2022 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 12 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 41
کدگذاری حسی ( چگونه محرک‌ها واکنش‌های حسی را برمی‌انگیزد ) به پیشرفت از ویژگی‌های سطح پایین به سطح بالا مشهور است . رمزگشایی ( چگونه پاسخ‌ها منجر به ادراک می‌شود ) کمتر درک می‌شود اما اغلب فرض می‌شود که از همان سلسله‌مراتب پیروی می‌کند . بر این اساس ، رمز گشایی جهت گیری باید در نواحی سطح پایین مانند V۱ ، بدون برهم کنش متقابل رخ دهد . با این حال , یک مطالعه , دینگ ,کوا , تی سودیکس , و کان ( 2017 ) شواهدی در برابر این فرض ارائه دادند و پیشنهاد کردند که رمزگشایی بصری اغلب ممکن است از سلسله‌مراتب سطح بالا به پایین در حافظه کاری پیروی کند , که در آن محدودیت‌های سطح به پایین تعامل بین ویژگی‌های سطح پایین‌تر را ایجاد می‌کند . اگر دو جهت گیری در جهت مخالف تثبیت هر دو عملی هستند و حافظه فعال را وارد می‌کنند , پس باید با هم تعامل داشته باشند. ما در واقع هم برهم کنش متقابل پیش‌بینی‌شده ( تنفر و همبستگی ) بین جهت گیری ها را پیدا کردیم . آزمایش‌ها کنترل و تجزیه و تحلیل‌های کنترلی , توضیحات دیگری همچون تعصب گزارش دهی و انطباق در سراسر آزمایش‌ها در همان سمت تثبیت را رد کردند . به علاوه , ما داده‌ها را با استفاده از چارچوب رمزگشایی Bayesian سطح پایین به سطح پایین توضیح دادیم .
واژه های کاربردی: کدگشایی بصری | جانبداری | سر و صدا | بیزین گذشته نگر
مقاله ترجمه شده
2 Accounting for spatial autocorrelation is needed to avoid misidentifying trade-offs and bundles among ecosystem services
حسابداری برای خودهمبستگی فضایی مورد نیاز برای جلوگیری از شناسایی نادرست مبادلات و بسته‌ها در میان خدمات اکوسیستم-2021
The identification of relationships between multiple ecosystem services (ES) (i.e. trade-offs, synergies and bundles) is essential for ES management. However, the identification of ES relationships may be susceptible to spatial autocorrelation — a statistical bias due to ES observations being related to each other across space. Spatial autocorrelation remains largely overlooked in the literature on ES relationships and its implications are not clear. Here we assess the implication of not accounting for spatial autocorrelation when determining ES relationships using four ES found in the city-state of Singapore. We quantify the ES relationships using some of the most common methods of determining relationships between ES: correlation, regression and principal component analysis. We then compare each method with the corresponding method that accounts for spatial autocorrela- tion. We found that accounting for spatial autocorrelation resulted in less statistically significant ES relationships, especially at finer resolutions, in correlations (33.3% less significant relationships) and regressions (50% less relationships). Depending on the spatial resolution, different ES were bundled when accounting for spatial autocorrelation when using principal component analysis. Our results suggest that not accounting for spatial autocorrelation in ES relationship studies is likely to result in the misidentification of ES trade-off, synergies and bundles. We thus recommend that future ES relationship studies consider the effects of spatial autocorrelation in their analyses.
keywords: نرم افزار خدمات اکوسیستم | تجزیه فضایی | تجارت | همکاری | مشارکت طبیعت به مردم | مزایای طبیعت | Ecosystem services bundles | Spatial analysis | Trade-offs | Synergies | Nature’s contributions to people | Nature’s benefits
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Magic, Bayes and wows: A Bayesian account of magic tricks
جادو، بیز و واو: شرح بیزی از ترفندهای جادویی-2021
Magic tricks have enjoyed an increasing interest by scientists. However, most research in magic focused on isolated aspects of it and a conceptual understanding of magic, encompassing its distinct components and va- rieties, is missing. Here, we present an account of magic within the theory of Bayesian predictive coding. We present the “wow” effect of magic as an increase in surprise evoked by the prediction error between expected and observed data. We take into account prior knowledge of the observer, attention, and (mis-)direction of perception and beliefs by the magician to bias the observer’s predictions and present a simple example for the modelling of the evoked surprise. The role of misdirection is described as everything that aims to maximize the surprise a trick evokes by the generation of novel beliefs, the exploitation of background knowledge and attentional control of the incoming information. Understanding magic within Bayesian predictive coding allows unifying all aspects of magic tricks within one framework, making it tractable, comparable and unifiable with other models in psychology and neuroscience.
keywords: شعبده بازي | سورپرایز بیزی | برنامه نویسی پیش بینی شده | سوء تفاهم | توجه | Magic | Bayesian surprise | Predictive coding | Misdirection | Attention
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Global status of knowledge for the prevention and emergency management of traumatic dental injuries among non-dental healthcare professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis
وضعیت جهانی دانش برای پیشگیری و مدیریت اورژانس آسیب های دندانی آسیب دیده در میان متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی غیر دندانپزشکی: بررسی سیستماتیک و متاآنالیز-2021
Objectives: This Systematic Review was conducted to evaluate the global status of the knowledge of prevention and emergency management of traumatic dental injuries among non-dental healthcare pro- fessionals (NDHCP).
Methods: The protocol was designed as per PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020192381). A broad-based search using text-words and MeSH terms was performed in estab- lished databases as per a predefined strategy without any distinction of language and year of publication. Studies without details of the questionnaire, knowledge score, validity and reliability were excluded. Data extraction was performed and risk of bias assessment was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tool and a meta-analysis was performed.
Results: The qualitative synthesis included 14 studies between 2009-2020 with nine of them from Asia. Majority of the studies had low risk of bias and reported poor overall level of knowledge. Less than 40% of the NDHCP had received a dental trauma first aid training in six of the 10 studies and majority of the > participants ( 50%) believed that dental trauma training was required in five studies. Less than 36% of the participants were adequately aware of the correct approach towards management of avulsed permanent tooth in five studies.
Conclusion: The knowledge of non-dental health care professionals regarding the emergency manage- ment of traumatic dental injuries was insufficient or low in the majority of studies and the knowledge about prevention was not evaluated. There was a paucity of studies from the countries of Europe and Australia, with wide variability in the study methods, categories of the participants and questionnaire characteristics.
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
keywords: آسیب های دندانی آسیب دیده | اطلاع | دانش | متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی غیر دندان | پرستاران | پزشکان | بررسی سیستماتیک | Traumatic dental injury | Awareness | Knowledge | Non-dental healthcare professionals | Nurses | Doctors | Systematic review
مقاله انگلیسی
5 The role of nature of knowledge and knowledge creating processes in knowledge hiding: Reframing knowledge hiding
نقش ماهیت دانش و دانش ایجاد فرآیندهای در مخفی کردن دانش: بازسازی دانش پنهان کردن دانش-2021
Knowledge hiding research has traditionally focused on the ways in which knowledge is hidden in the context of interactions between employees. This study advances knowledge hiding research by highlighting the benefits of moving away from the dyadic level of analysis to a multilevel analysis across individuals, groups, and organi- zations. We also elaborate how knowledge hiding is influenced both by the nature of knowledge and by the modes of knowledge creation in organizations. We propose a theoretical framework that juxtaposes the nature of knowledge – tacit vs. explicit and component vs. architectural – against the four modes – socialization, exter- nalization, combination, and internalization – of the knowledge creating process in organizations. The frame- work developed in our study also enables us to identify four distinct root causes of knowledge hiding in organizations – functional bias, misaligned incentives, dysfunctional resource allocations, and value incongruence.
keywords: پنهان کردن دانش | یادگیری سازمانی | مدیریت دانش | Knowledge hiding | Organizational learning | Knowledge management
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Causal models accounted for research participation effects when estimating effects in a behavioral intervention trial
مدل‌های علّی تأثیرات مشارکت در پژوهش حسابی زمان تخمین تأثیرات در یک کارآزمایی مداخله رفتاری-2021
Objective: Participants in intervention studies are asked to take part in activities linked to the conduct of research, including signing consent forms and being assessed. If participants are affected by such activities through mechanisms by which the intervention is intended to work, then there is confounding. We examine how to account for research participation effects analytically. Study design and setting: Data from a trial of a brief alcohol intervention among Swedish university students is used to show how a proposed causal model can account for assessment effects. Results: The proposed model can account for research participation effects as long as researchers are willing to use existing data to make assumptions about causal influences, for instance on the magnitude of assessment effects. The model can incorporate several research processes which may introduce bias. Conclusions: As our knowledge grows about research participation effects, we may move away from asking if participants are affected by study design, toward rather asking by how much they are affected, by which activities and in which circumstances. The analytic perspective adopted here avoids assuming there are no research participation effects.
Keywords: Research participation effects | Behavioral interventions | Randomized controlled trials | Causal models | Bias | Statistical analysis
مقاله انگلیسی
7 An example of how catch uncertainty hinders effective stock management and rebuilding
نمونه ای از چگونگی عدم قطعیت گرفتن مانع از مدیریت مؤثر سهام و بازسازی آنها می شود-2020
The northern spawning contingent of Western Atlantic mackerel is currently at low biomass and catches are largely underestimated. Catch statistics for Canada are incomplete, and the amount of northern contingent fish caught in the US mackerel fishery is unclear. Our goal was to assess the impact of missing catch on quota management effectiveness and to provide advice for stock rebuilding in the face of large catch uncertainty. As part of a management strategy evaluation (MSE), we assessed how simple harvest control rules (HCRs) performed under different assumptions of catch uncertainty. Results showed that, at present low biomass levels, reducing missing catch was generally more important than the choice among certain HCRs. Canadian undeclared catch would need to be reduced markedly to achieve even short-term rebuilding objectives. To reach long-term rebuilding objectives, the proportion of northern contingent fish caught in the US fishery would also need to be accounted for. We demonstated how an MSE can help inform all involved parties of the trade-off between missing catch and quota magnitude and effectiveness, and provided directions for future developments in management and science.
Keywords: Management strategy evaluation | Atlantic mackerel | Catch bias | Implementation error | Transboundary stock
مقاله انگلیسی
8 It is about time: Bias and its mitigation in time-saving decisions in software development projects
درباره زمان است: تعصب و کاهش آن در تصمیم گیری های صرفه جویی در زمان در پروژه های توسعه نرم افزار-2020
Estimates of completion times in software development projects are frequently inaccurate, potentially resulting in failure to meet project objectives. The present work aims at empirically investigating whether the time-saving bias, describing the human failure to correctly estimate the relationship between speed increase and time saving, can inform our understanding of the decades-long problem of time estimation in software development. In particular, this work examines whether a decision to save time in a software development project by increasing development speed is biased, whether this bias is observed when the decision is framed using plan-based and agile terminology, and whether the availability of relevant information mitigates this bias. These objectives are addressed in three experimental studies, in which senior information systems students (Study 1) and professional software project managers (Studies 2 and 3) are asked to make time-saving decisions about two similar scenarios, with and without relevant information. The findings confirm the existence of the bias and show that it is more likely to occur under an agile framing than under a plan-based framing, although students are highly biased in both cases. The findings also show that while the bias is mitigated, but not eliminated, when relevant information is included in the scenario, this effect dissipates once the information is no longer included in the following scenario. The accumulated evidence reported here contributes to research on the consequences of cognitive biases for project management decisions.
Keywords: Decision making | Time-saving bias | Software development projects | Experiments
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Are arbitrators biased in ICSID arbitration? A dynamic perspective
آیا داوران در داوری ICSID تعصب دارند؟ دیدگاه پویا-2020
Concerns over arbitrator impartiality and independence in ICSID arbitration have led to reform proposals geared towards a multilateral investment court. Due to the ad hoc nature of appointments, it has been suggested that arbitrators may strategically render decisions in biased ways with the goal of encouraging reappointments. Although criticism against arbitrator bias has attracted significant attention, so far limited empirical evidence has been provided to support such concerns. This paper introduces a dynamic perspective to examine concerns of bias arising from ad hoc appointment. I find that contrary to conventional views held by critics of investor-state arbitration, on average, arbitrators tend to decide against their reputation from prior decisions in ICSID arbitration, which implies an effort to establish a reputation for being neutral and unbiased. This finding challenges one of the premises of proposals to replace arbitration with an investment court.
Keywords: Arbitrator bias | Investment court | Ad hoc appointment | ISDS reform
مقاله انگلیسی
10 The application of artificial intelligence in police interrogations: An analysis addressing the proposed effect AI has on racial and gender bias, cooperation, and false confessions
کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در بازجویی های پلیس: تحلیلی در مورد تأثیر پیشنهادی هوش مصنوعی بر تعصب نژادی و جنسیتی ، همکاری و اعترافات دروغین-2020
Research presented in this study examines the potentiality of artificial intelligence as an interrogator within a police interrogation to promote a non-biased environment in an effort to mitigate the ongoing racial and gender divide in statistics regarding false confessions. Ideally, artificial intelligence supplementation may help promote the elicitation of non-coerced, voluntary confessions. This study suggests that the racial and gender bias influencing false confessions may be due to the two fold bias occurring within the interrogator-to-suspect dynamic, referenced in this study as “the Bias-Uncooperative Loop.” It argues that applying artificial intelligence within the interrogation room may minimize the two fold bias occurring in the dynamic. It suggests the potential for cooperation between the two parties can be conditioned by programmable similarity; whereby artificial intelligence can mimic the racial, ethnic and/or cultural similarities of the suspect in question. This is reflected in research in different arenas (not inclusive to interrogations) to have an effect on enhanced comfortability and cooperation with AI. This paper assumes similar results within interrogations.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence | Bias | Policing | Interrogations | Discrimination | Crime
مقاله انگلیسی
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