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نتیجه جستجو - تفاوت های جنسی

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 23
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Is testosterone linked to human aggression? A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between baseline, dynamic, and manipulated testosterone on human aggression
آیا تستوسترون با پرخاشگری انسان ارتباط دارد؟ بررسی فرا تحلیلی رابطه بین تستوسترون پایه ، پویا و دستکاری شده بر پرخاشگری انسان-2020
Testosterone is often considered a critical regulator of aggressive behaviour. There is castration/replacement evidence that testosterone indeed drives aggression in some species, but causal evidence in humans is generally lacking and/or—for the few studies that have pharmacologically manipulated testosterone concentrations— inconsistent. More often researchers have examined differences in baseline testosterone concentrations between groups known to differ in aggressiveness (e.g., violent vs non-violent criminals) or within a given sample using a correlational approach. Nevertheless, testosterone is not static but instead fluctuates in response to cues of challenge in the environment, and these challenge-induced fluctuations may more strongly regulate situation-specific aggressive behaviour. Here, we quantitatively summarize literature from all three approaches (baseline, change, and manipulation), providing the most comprehensive meta-analysis of these testosterone-aggression associations/effects in humans to date. Baseline testosterone shared a weak but significant association with aggression (r=0.054, 95% CIs [0.028, 0.080]), an effect that was stronger and significant in men (r=0.071, 95% CIs [0.041, 0.101]), but not women (r=0.002, 95% CIs [−0.041, 0.044]). Changes in T were positively correlated with aggression (r=0.108, 95% CIs [0.041, 0.174]), an effect that was also stronger and significant in men (r=0.162, 95% CIs [0.076, 0.246]), but not women (r=0.010, 95% CIs [−0.090, 0.109]). The causal effects of testosterone on human aggression were weaker yet, and not statistically significant (r=0.046, 95% CIs [−0.015, 0.108]). We discuss the multiple moderators identified here (e.g., offender status of samples, sex) and elsewhere that may explain these generally weak effects. We also offer suggestions regarding methodology and sample sizes to best capture these associations in future work.
Keywords: Challenge hypothesis | Androgens | Sex differences | Pharmacological challenge
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Crime frames and gender differences in the activation of crime concern and crime responses
چهارچوب جرم و تفاوت های جنسیتی در فعال سازی نگرانی از جرم و پاسخ به جرم-2020
Prior work has reported mixed evidence for the gender gap in crime concern and crime responses, yet very few studies have considered the importance of the framing of a crime in explaining this gap. Crime frames are important because they can raise deep levels of concern that activate a criminal justice system response to the crime. This study draws on the literature on problem framing to examine gender differences in crime concern and crime responses in relation to human trafficking. Human trafficking is a type of crime that has raised public alarm in the U.S and is being framed by the government and the media as a crime to which women are at increased risk. Using data from a national probability sample of approximately 2000 Americans, the findings show that beliefs about the causes of human trafficking, specifically gender discrimination and transnational crime, are associated with gender differences in concern and activation of the criminal justice system. These findings can guide future research on gender differences in crime concern and crime responses and call for research and policies that are sensitive to gendered effects of framing on public opinion about crime and criminal justice issues.
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Women in German forensic addiction treatment: Epidemiology and genderrelated decision making in jurisdiction
زنان آلمانی در درمان اعتیاد پزشکی قانونی : اپیدمیولوژی و تصمیم گیری جنسیتی در صلاحیت-2020
Purpose: Within the German legal framework, if an unlawful act is committed by a substance-addicted offender, courts shall make a forensic addiction treatment order (referred to as FAT). In 2010–2015, German courts applied this rule to 14,576 individuals. The article aims to explore the development of FAT sex ratios, its relation to other criminological measures and its regional distribution - and to describe gender-related differences within the FAT population. Methods: Yearly and state-specific sex ratios in FAT orders were calculated and related to general delinquency figures. Women were compared to men on various variables. We computed chi-square, t- and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Compared to registered and sanctioned delinquency, women are steadily underrepresented, but the sex ratio differs largely among German states. Compared to men, women are 1 year older, have a less severe criminal history and a different distribution of addiction-related delinquency. Their average concurrent prison sentence is shorter, indicating less severe offences. Conclusions: Findings largely conform to epidemiological knowledge. However, it is unlikely that these effects explain the extent of womens underrepresentation concerning FAT. Instead, FAT-application seems to be influenced by gender-related decision biases in jurisdiction. Regional differences cannot be explained epidemiologically, they seem to indicate different juridical “cultures”.
Keywords: Forensic psychiatry | Substance abuse | Gender differences | Offender treatment | Epidemiology
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Health insurance coverage and sources of advice in entrepreneurship: Gender differences
پوشش بیمه درمانی و منابع مشاوره در کارآفرینی: تفاوت های جنسیتی-2020
Most of the previous literature examining health insurance and entrepreneurship focused on the effects of provisions of health insurance coverage on the decision to start or end self-employment. This paper takes a different approach and investigates the decision to purchase health insurance once self-employed. Using data from the US Federal Reserve Board’s 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, we found that in 2016 (when full provisions of the Affordable Care Act were in place) the self-employed were less likely to be insured, especially females who in the general population are more likely to be insured. Compared to the general population, the odds of being covered by health insurance were 62% lower for self-employed males and 83% lower for self-employed fe- males. Additionally, self-employed females were less likely to be insured when they reported using friends and family as a source of financial information.
Keywords: Health insurance | Self-employed | Female | entrepreneurship | Networks | Institutions | Survey of consumer finances
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Gender differences among homicide offenders with schizophrenia in Hunan Province, China
تفاوت های جنسیتی در بین مجرمین قتل با اسکیزوفرنی در استان هونان ، چین-2019
This study aimed to understand the demographic, clinical and criminological characteristics of Chinese homicide offenders with schizophrenia from a gender-based perspective. Information on all homicide offenders with schizophrenia who received forensic psychiatric assessment between 2010 and 2016 in Hunan Province, China, was systematically retrieved (n=669). Gender differences in the above characteristics were analyzed, and independent correlates of homicide were explored. The male to female ratio of homicide offenders was about 4:1. Proportionally more males were single, unemployed and younger when committing their first crime than was apparent in females. Male perpetrators were more often influenced by delusions. Females were more likely to target their close family members. For males, living in rural areas and having a family history of mental disorder were positively associated with homicide, while having a criminal history and being unemployed were negatively associated. For females, younger age was positively, while being unmarried and unemployment were negatively associated with homicide. Our results indicate significant gender differences among Chinese homicide offenders with schizophrenia in demographic, clinical and criminological characteristics and in independent correlates of homicide. Further research in this field, especially aims at determining risk factors for crime in this population, should take the gender differences into account.
Keywords: Violence | Murder | Severe mental disorder | Sex difference | Independent correlates | Risk factors | Chinese
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Gender differences in the diagnostic performance of machine learning coronary CT angiography-derived fractional flow reserve -results from the MACHINE registry
تفاوت های جنسیتی در عملکرد تشخیصی یادگیری دستگاه یادگیری عروق کرونر CT-نتیجه حاصل از کسری جریان کسری ناشی از آنژیوگرافی از رجیستری ماشین-2019
Purpose: This study investigated the impact of gender differences on the diagnostic performance of machine-learning based coronary CT angiography (cCTA)-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFRML) for the detection of lesion-specific ischemia. Method: Five centers enrolled 351 patients (73.5% male) with 525 vessels in the MACHINE (Machine leArning Based CT angiograpHy derIved FFR: a Multi-ceNtEr) registry. CT-FFRML and invasive FFR≤0.80 were considered hemodynamically significant, whereas cCTA luminal stenosis ≥50% was considered obstructive. The diagnostic performance to assess lesion-specific ischemia in both men and women was assessed on a per-vessel basis. Results: In total, 398 vessels in men and 127 vessels in women were included. Compared to invasive FFR, CT-FFRML reached a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 78% (95%CI 72–84), 79% (95%CI 73–84), 75% (95%CI 69–79), and 82% (95%CI: 76–86) in men vs. 75% (95%CI 58–88), 81 (95%CI 72–89), 61% (95%CI 50–72) and 89% (95%CI 82–94) in women, respectively. CT-FFRML showed no statistically significant difference in the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) in men vs. women (AUC: 0.83 [95%CI 0.79–0.87] vs. 0.83 [95%CI 0.75–0.89], p=0.89). CT-FFRML was not superior to cCTA alone [AUC: 0.83 (95%CI: 0.75–0.89) vs. 0.74 (95%CI: 0.65–0.81), p=0.12] in women, but showed a statistically significant improvement in men [0.83 (95%CI: 0.79–0.87) vs. 0.76 (95%CI: 0.71–0.80), p=0.007]. Conclusions: Machine-learning based CT-FFR performs equally in men and women with superior diagnostic performance over cCTA alone for the detection of lesion-specific ischemia.
Keywords: Coronary artery disease | Machine learning | Spiral computed tomography | Fractional flow reserve
مقاله انگلیسی
7 شکاف جنسیتی در حقوق معلمان K-12
سال انتشار: 2019 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 4 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 16
ما شکاف های جنسیتی موجود در حقوق و مزایای معلمان K-12 را بررسی می کنیم. این یک شغلی است که در آن تبعیض جنسیتی مستقیم کمتر است چراکه حقوق و مزایا توسط یک مقیاس پرداخت واحد تعیین می شود و زنان اکثریت استخدام شده ها را تشکیل می دهند. ما با استفاده از داده های حاصل از ارزیابی جامعه آمریکا (ACS) یک شکاف جنسیتی 12000 دلاری در درآمد فردی معلمان K-12 پیدا کردیم که فقط بخشی از این شکاف ریشه در تفاوت های جنسیتی موجود در مقامات مدیریتی، مدارک تحصیلی و درجات تدریس دارد. برعکس، وقتی که ما از یک سری داده های مربوط به حقوق و مزایای عمومی معلمان K-12 استفاده می کنیم، یک شکاف جنسیتی خامی را پیدا می کنیم که تقریبا" سه برابر کوچکتر است. وقتی که ما مستقیما" توزیع درآمد سالانه برای معلمان مرد و زن را بین حقوق عمومی و داده های ACS مقایسه می کنیم، پی می بریم که بخش مهمی از شکاف جنسیتی ریشه در داشتن درآمد اضافی و خارج از حقوق اصلی تدریس معلمان مرد دارد.
مقاله ترجمه شده
8 The Yin and Yang of entrepreneurship: Gender differences in the importance of communal and agentic characteristics for entrepreneurs subjective well-being and performance
یین و یانگ کارآفرینی: تفاوت های جنسیتی در اهمیت خصوصیات جمعی و عامل برای رفاه ذهنی و عملکرد ذهنی کارآفرینان-2019
This research examines gender differences in the relationships of entrepreneurs agentic and communal personality characteristics with measures of subjective well-being and new venture performance. Results from a stratified national (USA) random sample of founding CEOs (N=303) demonstrate the advantages of an agentic characteristic (creativity) for women and a communal characteristic (teamwork) for men, with regard to the respective abilities of such persons to achieve high levels of subjective well-being and new venture performance. These relative advantages for women and men were mediated by perceptions of person-work fit.
Keywords: Character strengths | Person-environment fit | Person-job fit | Positive organizational behavior | Positive psychology | Gender differences | Subjective well-being
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Regional inequalities and gender differences in academic achievement as a function of educational opportunities: Evidence from Ethiopia
نابرابری های منطقه ای و تفاوت های جنسیتی در موفقیت علمی به عنوان تابعی از فرصت های آموزشی: شواهدی از اتیوپی-2018
This study investigated regional and gender differences in academic achievement in Ethiopia, and examined whether these differences can be explained in terms of unequal educational opportunities (EO). Educational opportunity was operationalized in a broad sense based on a regional differentiation in terms of socio-economic and school environment factors. The study results are based on a multilevel analysis of the 2014 and 2015 national standardized exam for grade 12 students (n = 194503 and n = 205719). Whereas the Central (high EO) regions outperformed the other regions (Cohen’s d = 0.85) as expected, there were some inconsistencies in the comparison between Established (mid EO) regions and Emerging (low EO) regions. Coincidentally, the two Emerging regions that were unexpectedly performing at the level of the Established regions were also the two regions in which there was no evidence for a gender gap in achievement. For other regions, including the Central regions, evidence for a gender gap sometimes as large as the regional gap was identified, with boys having on average higher scores than girls (Cohen’s d = [0.02, 0.92] with an average of 0.50). Plausible explanations and further policy recommendations are discussed.
keywords: Educational opportunity |Regional inequalities |Gender |Academic achievement |Ethiopia
مقاله انگلیسی
10 نوشیدن مشروب و کشیدن سیگار دربین نوجوانان: آیا تصویر بدن ایفای نقش می کند؟
سال انتشار: 2018 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 5 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 19
نوجوانی یک موقعیت بحرانی برای توسعه شخصیت فیزیکی، روحی و اجتماعی یک فرد است که شامل تصویر بدن نیز می شود. تحقیقات قبلی، تصویر ضعیف بدن و استعمال مواد در نوجوانان را به هم مرتبط کرده است اما تحقیقات فعلی روی تفاوت های جنسیتی در این روابط باهم تعارض دارند. مطالعه حاضر رابطه بین تصویر بدن و استعمال مواد در پسران و دختران نوجوان را با استفاده از داده های حاصل از پروژه استعمال مواد جوانان ایالت اورگون و با تمرکز روی استعمال الکل وتنباکو بررسی خواهد کرد. نتایج رگراسیون منطقی بیانگر این بود که دخترانی که رضایت پایین تری از تصویر بدن گزارش کرده اند بیشتر به نوشیدن مشروب و سیگار کشیدن مشغول بوده اند درحالیکه این رابطه برای پسران قابل توجه نبود. دلالت ها برای تحقیقات عملی و آتی مورد بحث قرار می گیرند.
کلیدواژه ها: تصویر بدن | استعمال مواد | نوجوانی | توسعه جوانان
مقاله ترجمه شده
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