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ردیف | عنوان | نوع |
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1 |
In defense of the one-factor doxastic account: A phenomenal account of delusions
در دفاع از حساب تک عاملی دوکساستیک: روایتی خارق العاده از توهمات-2021 According to the doxastic model, delusions are beliefs. In the metacognitive model, delusions are
imaginings mistaken for beliefs. I argue that endorsement of false second-order beliefs could also
create unpleasant dissonance, that mentally healthy people often endorse irrational or conflicting
beliefs, and that the lack of delusion-motivated action can be explained by the influence of
nonbelief factors on action. The two-factor doxastic model posits irrationality as necessary, and
one metric of rationality many scholars employ is whether a response is easily understood by folk
psychology. A precedent for folk-psychological acceptance of contextually bizarre beliefs as a
result of personal experience can already be found in the lack of imaginative resistance
encountered not in response to the impossibilities portrayed in speculative fiction, but in response
to the characters’ ability to incorporate these occurrences into their mental frameworks, despite
them often being at odds with these characters’ bedrock understanding of the world.
keywords: توهم | حساب Doxastic | مدل دو عامل | جنون جوانی | حساب کاربری فراشناختی | مدل یک عامل | Delusion | Doxastic account | Two-factor model | Schizophrenia | Metacognitive account | One-factor model |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Accounting for spatial autocorrelation is needed to avoid misidentifying trade-offs and bundles among ecosystem services
حسابداری برای خودهمبستگی فضایی مورد نیاز برای جلوگیری از شناسایی نادرست مبادلات و بستهها در میان خدمات اکوسیستم-2021 The identification of relationships between multiple ecosystem services (ES) (i.e. trade-offs, synergies and
bundles) is essential for ES management. However, the identification of ES relationships may be susceptible to
spatial autocorrelation — a statistical bias due to ES observations being related to each other across space. Spatial
autocorrelation remains largely overlooked in the literature on ES relationships and its implications are not clear.
Here we assess the implication of not accounting for spatial autocorrelation when determining ES relationships
using four ES found in the city-state of Singapore. We quantify the ES relationships using some of the most
common methods of determining relationships between ES: correlation, regression and principal component
analysis. We then compare each method with the corresponding method that accounts for spatial autocorrela-
tion. We found that accounting for spatial autocorrelation resulted in less statistically significant ES relationships,
especially at finer resolutions, in correlations (33.3% less significant relationships) and regressions (50% less
relationships). Depending on the spatial resolution, different ES were bundled when accounting for spatial
autocorrelation when using principal component analysis. Our results suggest that not accounting for spatial
autocorrelation in ES relationship studies is likely to result in the misidentification of ES trade-off, synergies and
bundles. We thus recommend that future ES relationship studies consider the effects of spatial autocorrelation in
their analyses. keywords: نرم افزار خدمات اکوسیستم | تجزیه فضایی | تجارت | همکاری | مشارکت طبیعت به مردم | مزایای طبیعت | Ecosystem services bundles | Spatial analysis | Trade-offs | Synergies | Nature’s contributions to people | Nature’s benefits |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Sustainable food profiling models to inform the development of food labels that account for nutrition and the environment: a systematic review
مدل های پروفیل مواد غذایی پایدار برای اطلاع رسانی به توسعه برچسب های غذایی که برای تغذیه و محیط زیست حساب می شود: مرور سیستماتیک-2021 Sustainable food profiling models (SFPMs) are the scientific basis for the labelling of food products according to their
environmental and nutritional impact, allowing consumers to make informed choices. We identified ten SFPMs that
score individual foods according to at least two environmental indicators, with the most common being greenhouse
gas emissions (n=10) and water use (n=8). Six models additionally assessed the nutritional quality of foods and
presented different methods to combine nutritional and environmental indicators. Key advantages of identified
models include a wide range in system boundaries, reference units, approaches for defining cutoff values, design
proposals for food labelling schemes, and the comprehensive geographical scope of the lifecycle inventory databases
used in the development phase of the model. Key disadvantages of identified models include inconsistent methods
for food classification and poor replicability due to unclear methods, unavailable code for environmental and
nutritional impact calculation, and unclear cutoff values. We found that few SFPMs to date account for at least
two environmental impact factors, and even fewer include nutritional values or other dimensions of sustainability.
This systematic review highlights the need to use consistent components and to develop national and international
reference values for the classification of sustainable food to enable standardised food labelling.
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مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Research on prepaid account financing model based on embedded system and Internet of Things
تحقیق در مورد مدل تامین مالی پیش پرداخت بر اساس سیستم جاسازی شده و اینترنت اشیا-2021 Internet of Things (IoT) network interconnection to create objects and things will play the Internet to play an
active role in the global network in the future. For the Internet of Things, which is widely adopted through
funding models, it must be trusted in the IoT security infrastructure. Efficiently and Securely IoT is very
important to define how each other can communicate with remote servers and get Exchange account informa-
tion. Prepayments for effective financial management and an important choice for financial IoT for service
providers and customers. However, it must be supported by real-time credit checking and costing. Internet re-
sources are consumed by these real-time action stuff providers and impose high costs on the old system. To solve
this problem, to propose the K Means Algorithm scalable accounting solutions, where the user is hosted each
occupies a prepaid account, constitute the components of embedded systems. Based on each of our prepaid
billing components’ supervision, it is at the same time consumed by the embedded system of all services, based
on the calculation of the service packages consumed by the customer. Prepaid accounts are reassigned when the
customer had sufficient credit to supplement their use and are allocated based on IoT services’ consumption. This
work aims to reduce the cost of pre-paid services and ensure that service delivery is not to interfere with the
charging unit. Also, embedded systems’ theoretical and experimental analysis shows that this work can store
long-lived services on the Internet of Things to provide inexpensive accounting solutions.
keywords: الگوریتم میانگین کا | سیستم های جاسازی شده | اینترنت اشیا | مدیریت مالی | سیستم حسابداری پیش پرداخت | K means algorithm | Embedded systems | Internet of Things | Financial management | Prepaid accounting system |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Magic, Bayes and wows: A Bayesian account of magic tricks
جادو، بیز و واو: شرح بیزی از ترفندهای جادویی-2021 Magic tricks have enjoyed an increasing interest by scientists. However, most research in magic focused on
isolated aspects of it and a conceptual understanding of magic, encompassing its distinct components and va-
rieties, is missing. Here, we present an account of magic within the theory of Bayesian predictive coding. We
present the “wow” effect of magic as an increase in surprise evoked by the prediction error between expected and
observed data. We take into account prior knowledge of the observer, attention, and (mis-)direction of
perception and beliefs by the magician to bias the observer’s predictions and present a simple example for the
modelling of the evoked surprise. The role of misdirection is described as everything that aims to maximize the
surprise a trick evokes by the generation of novel beliefs, the exploitation of background knowledge and
attentional control of the incoming information. Understanding magic within Bayesian predictive coding allows
unifying all aspects of magic tricks within one framework, making it tractable, comparable and unifiable with
other models in psychology and neuroscience. keywords: شعبده بازي | سورپرایز بیزی | برنامه نویسی پیش بینی شده | سوء تفاهم | توجه | Magic | Bayesian surprise | Predictive coding | Misdirection | Attention |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
A Methodology For Large-Scale Identification of Related Accounts in Underground Forums
یک روش برای شناسایی در مقیاس بزرگ حساب های مرتبط در انجمن های زیرزمینی-2021 Underground forums allow users to interact with communities focused on illicit activities.
They serve as an entry point for actors interested in deviant and criminal topics. Due to the
pseudo-anonymity provided, they have become improvised marketplaces for trading illegal
products and services, including those used to conduct cyberattacks. Thus, these forums
are an important data source for threat intelligence analysts and law enforcement. The use
of multiple accounts is forbidden in most forums since these are mostly used for malicious
purposes. Still, this is a common practice. Being able to identify an actor or gang behind
multiple accounts allows for proper attribution in online investigations, and also to design
intervention mechanisms for illegal activities. Existing solutions for multi-account detec-
tion either require ground truth data to conduct supervised classification or use manual
approaches. In this work, we propose a methodology for the large-scale identification of re-
lated accounts in underground forums. These accounts are similar according to the distinc-
tive content posted, and thus are likely to belong to the same actor or group. The methodol-
ogy applies to various domains and leverages distinctive artefacts and personal information
left online by the users. We provide experimental results on a large dataset comprising more
than 1.1M user accounts from 15 different forums. We show how this methodology, com-
bined with existing approaches commonly used in social media forensics, can assist with
and improve online investigations.
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. keywords: رسانه های اجتماعی قانونی | انجمن های زیرزمینی | اندازه گیری در مقیاس بزرگ | حساب های مرتبط | سایبری | Social media forensics | Underground forums | Large-Scale measurement | Related accounts | Cybercrime |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Brain activity during walking in older adults: Implications for compensatory versus dysfunctional accounts
فعالیت مغز در طول پیاده روی در بزرگسالان سالمند: پیامدهای جبران خسارت در برابر حسابهای ناکارآمد-2021 A prominent trend in the functional brain imaging literature is that older adults exhibit increased brain
activity compared to young adults to perform a given task. This phenomenon has been extensively stud-
ied for cognitive tasks, with the field converging on interpretations described in two alternative accounts.
One account interprets over-activation in older adults as reflecting neural dysfunction (increased brain
activity – indicates poorer performance), whereas another interprets it as neural compensation (in-
creased brain activity - supports better performance). Here we review studies that have recorded brain
activity and walking measurements in older adults, and we categorize their findings as reflecting either
neural dysfunction or neural compensation. Based on this synthesis, we recommend including multiple
task difficulty levels in future work to help differentiate if and when compensation fails as the locomo-
tion task becomes more difficult. Using multiple task difficulty levels with neuroimaging will lead to a
more advanced understanding of how age-related changes in locomotor brain activity fit with existing
accounts of brain aging and support the development of targeted neural rehabilitation techniques. keywords: فعالیت مغز | پیاده روی | سالخورده | جبران خسارت | اختلال عملکرد | کنترل عصبی | Brain activity | Walking | Aging | Compensation | Dysfunction | Neural control |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Optimal capital account liberalization in China
آزاد سازی حساب سرمایه بهینه در چین-2021 China has maintained tight controls over its capital account. Domestic households are restricted from investing abroad
and foreign investors are restricted from accessing Chinese financial markets. Most of the formal restrictions on capital flows
1 These de jure capital account restrictions, however, do not fully capture China’s de facto capital account
are quantity-based.
regime. For example, Agarwal et al. (2019) show that the errors and omissions (E&O) in China’s balance of payments account keywords: کنترل های سرمایه | سرکوب مالی | چین | توالی اصلاحات | اشتباهات | رفاه | Capital controls | Financial repression | China | Sequencing of reforms | Misallocations | Welfare |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
The reduced auditory evoked potential component N1 after repeated stimulation: Refractoriness hypothesis vs: habituation account
کاهش مولفه بالقوه برانگیخته شنوایی N1 پس از تحریک مکرر: فرضیه نسوز در مقابل حساب عادت-2021 Similar to other event-related potential (ERP) components, the amplitude of the auditory evoked N1 depends on the interstimulus interval (ISI). At ISIs > 0.4 s, the amplitude of the N1 increases with longer
ISIs, until it saturates at ISIs around 10 s. This amplitude increase with increasing ISI has been conceptualized as a function of N1 recovery or N1 refractoriness. Habituation (as a simple form of learning)
represents an elaborated, opposing account for such stimulus repetition effects. For passive oddball experiments (stimulation protocols with frequent standards and rare deviants), the two accounts make different predictions. According to the habituation account, the presentation of small deviants should lead to
an increased N1 for subsequent standards (= dishabituation); according to the N1 refractoriness account,
there should be no or just minor effects on the N1. In the current study, we tested these predictions and
compared the ERPs to standards after small deviants and to standards preceded by other standards. We
observed that the ERPs to standards after small deviants were characterized by a small mismatch negativity with an onset latency > 150 ms, but the N1 to standards after deviants did not differ from the N1
to standards preceded by other standards. This negative finding is in line with other previous studies that
were also not able to reveal evidence for N1 dishabituation. Aside from this repeated lack of evidence for
dishabituation, the N1 habituation account is challenged by the finding that the N1 decrease is stronger
for more intense stimuli. Overall, the current and previous findings are more compatible with the N1
refractoriness account, although the mechanisms underlying N1 refractoriness remain to be elucidated.
Knowledge about these mechanisms would also help to understand why N1 deficits in schizophrenia are
more pronounced at longer ISIs.
keywords: عادت | جهت دار | پتانسیل های ناشی از شنوایی | شدت محرک | نگرش ناسازگاری (MMN) | انطباق محرک-مشخصه (SSA) | Habituation | Dishabituation | Auditory evoked potentials | Stimulus intensity | Mismatch negativity (MMN) | Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) |
مقاله انگلیسی |