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1 |
Linking standard Economic Account for Forestry and ecosystem accounting: Total forest incomes and environmental assets in publicly-owned conifer farms in Andalusia-Spain
پیوند حساب استاندارد اقتصادی برای حسابداری جنگلداری و اکوسیستم: کل درآمد جنگل ها و دارایی های محیطی در مزارع عمومی متعلق به مالکیت در اندلس اسپانیا-2021 A major problem faced by government as trustee of society charged with conserving the nation’s forest envi-
ronmental asset is that the standard Economic Account for Forestry (EAF) fails to measure the contribution of
nature to total forest incomes and environmental assets. In the context of this government mission, the debate
arises with regard to how to uncover the contribution of nature to the total forest incomes enjoyed by people
through a refined accounting framework which extends the EAF. The latter is applied by the statistics office to
estimate the values added of timber, firewood, cork, resin, industrial nut and other non-woody final products of
the forest at national/sub-national scale. Bearing in mind this narrow scope of the EAF, this research proposes the
application of the experimental Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), which extends the forest incomes and
environmental asset estimates by applying simulated exchange values stated/revealed by consumers for non-
market public goods and services. We apply the EAF and AAS frameworks to 12 large publicly-owned pro-
tected conifer forest farms which are not available for sale on the competitive land market and which cover an
area of 47,262 ha in Andalusia-Spain. In this conifer farm case study, the EAF considers the economic activities of
timber, firewood, aromatic plants and residential service. The AAS adds to the EAF activities those of grazing,
conservation forestry, hunting, livestock, agricultural crops, livestock-keeper private amenity, fire services, free
access recreation, mushrooms, carbon, landscape conservation, threatened wild biodiversity and water supply
runoff stored lower down the watershed in public reservoirs. The objectives of this conifer farm case study are,
first, to compare the final products and incomes estimated by applying the EAF and AAS frameworks and, second,
to measure the sensitivity of conifer farm environmental assets to changes in land ownership rights and dis-
counting rates in accordance with the AAS results. The conifer farm results show total income measured by the
AAS is 38 times higher than the EAF net value added (NVA) for the 2010 period. The AAS economic activities of
forestry conservation, fire services and landscape conservation activities generate 71% of the conifer farm labour
compensation. The AAS opening environmental asset measured at the assumed competitive real baseline dis-
counting rate of 3% is 6371.6 €/ha, which is 3.7 times lower than it would be if the conifer farm was available for
sale on the competitive land market. The change in the baseline discounting rate chosen, from 3% to 1.5%, would
lead to an increase of 116% in the value of the opening environmental asset. The above results reveal the
inconsistent EAF measurement of total conifer farm incomes. The sensitivity analysis underlines the important
effects on the environmental asset arising from changes in land ownership rights and discounting rates. keywords: حساب اقتصادی برای جنگلداری | سیستم حساب های ملی | سیستم حسابداری جنگلداری | خدمات محیط زیستی | درآمد زیست محیطی | Economic account for forestry | System of national accounts | Agroforestry accounting system | Ecosystem services | Environmental income |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Linking biodiversity into national economic accounting
پیوند تنوع زیستی به حسابداری اقتصادی ملی-2021 Biodiversity underpins the supply of ecosystem services essential for well-being and economic development, yet
biodiversity loss continues at a substantial rate. Linking biodiversity indicators with national economic accounts
provides a means of mainstreaming biodiversity into economic planning and monitoring processes. Here we
examine the various strategies for biodiversity indicators to be linked into national economic accounts, specif-
ically the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA)
framework. We present what has been achieved in practice, using various case studies from across the world.
These case studies demonstrate the potential of economic accounting as an integrating, mainstreaming frame-
work that explicitly considers biodiversity. With the right indicators for the different components of biodiversity
and scales of biological organisation, this can directly support more holistic economic planning approaches. This
will be a significant step forward from relying on the traditional indicators of national economic accounts to
guide national planning. It is also essential if society’s objectives for biodiversity and sustainable development
are to be met. keywords: سیستم حسابداری اقتصادی محیط زیست | رادیو | تنوع زیستی | خدمات محیط زیستی | توسعه پایدار | System of environmental economic accounting | SEEA-EEA | Biodiversity | Ecosystem services | Sustainable development |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Utilizing LiDAR data to map tree canopy for urban ecosystem extent and condition accounts in Oslo
با استفاده از داده های LIDAR به نقشه سایبان درخت برای اکوسیستم های شهری و حساب های وضعیت در اسلو-2021 LiDAR-based segmentation of urban tree canopies and their physical properties (canopy height, canopy diameter,
3D surface and volume) is a replicable, complementary and useful information source for urban ecosystem
condition accounts, and an important basis for ecosystem service modeling and valuation. However, using
available LiDAR data collected for municipal purposes other than vegetation mapping (such as for example
engineering) entails a level of accuracy which may limit the usefulness of the data for change detection in
ecosystem accounts. To account for changes in the urban tree canopy of Oslo (capital city of Norway) between
2011 and 2017, a segmentation model was developed based on available airborne LiDAR data scanned for
general purposes. The results from the entire built-up area of Oslo indicate a general increase in the number of
tall trees (>15 m) and a moderate increase in the number of small trees (<15 m), with the exception of trees
between 6 and 10 m which seem to have a relatively constant development over the given period. The total tree
canopy area within the built-up area increased by 17.15%, with a corresponding 21.35% increase in the tree
canopy volume. The results for the Small House plan area, a policy focus area subject to urban densification and
special regulations for felling of large trees, indicate a large increase in small trees (<10 m) and a moderate
decrease in tall trees (>10 m). The total tree canopy area within the Small House plan area decreased by 1.04%,
with a corresponding 2.13% decrease in the tree canopy volume. With respect to the segmentation accuracy, the
changes in aggregate tree canopy cover are too small to determine canopy change with confidence. This study
demonstrates the potential for identifying ecosystem condition indicators as well as the limitations of using
general purpose LiDAR data to improve the precision of urban ecosystem accounting. For future ecosystem
service accounting in urban environments, we recommend that municipalities implement data acquisition programs that combine concurrent field data sampling and LiDAR campaigns designed for urban tree canopy
detection, as part of general urban structural inventorying. We recommend using LiDAR and satellite remote
sensing data depending on canopy densities. We also recommend that future tree canopy segmentation is done
within a cloud-computing environment to ensure sufficient geoprocessing capacity.
keywords: تشخیص نور و محدوده (LIDAR) | سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) | سنجش از راه دور | حسابداری اکوسیستم | خدمات محیط زیستی | تقسیم بندی سایبان درخت | Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) | Geographical Information Systems (GIS) | Remote sensing | Ecosystem accounting | Ecosystem services | Tree canopy segmentation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Ecosystem accounting to support the Common Agricultural Policy
حسابداری اکوسیستم برای حمایت از سیاست های کشاورزی مشترک-2021 The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) provides an integrated
statistical framework which organizes spatially explicit data on environmental quality, natural capital and
ecosystem services and links this information to economic activities such as agriculture. In this paper we assess
how the SEEA EA can support the monitoring and evaluation of environmental objectives of the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP). We focus on the Netherlands, for which an elaborate set of SEEA EA accounts has been
published, and the themes of nitrogen pollution and farmland biodiversity. We studied the completeness of in-
dicators included in the accounts, their quality and analysed how the accounts could support agri-environmental
reporting, agri-environmental measures effectiveness assessments, and results-based payments to farmers. As a
reference we used the Driving forces – Pressures – State – Impacts - Responses (DPSIR) framework. The Dutch
SEEA EA accounts only include half of the indicators which we considered essential to assess the effects of
farming on natural capital and ecosystem services for the two studied environmental themes. However, most
gaps in the accounts could be filled with other publicly available environmental monitoring data. Regarding N
pollution, the availability and reliability of indicators at landscape and farm scales are not sufficient to support
the assessment of agri-environmental measures effectiveness and results-based payments to decrease N pollution.
The accounts have a higher potential to support the assessment of measures to conserve farmland biodiversity, in
particular due to high resolution maps of ecosystem extent and ecosystem services flows. The potential of the
SEEA EA accounts may be more limited in other countries where ecosystem accounting has only recently started.
However, the SEEA EA is also implemented at the European Union scale, so that SEEA EA indicators will
gradually become available for all European countries. To enhance the relevance of the SEEA EA in the agri-
environmental policy area, we recommend to integrate information on farming emissions (externalities) recor-
ded in the SEEA Central Framework with SEEA EA accounts and evaluate the applicability of SEEA EA accounts
for case studies at landscape and farm scales. Our research shows that the Dutch SEEA EA accounts, com-
plemented with other data sources, have potential to strongly enhance the CAP monitoring and evaluation
framework but further steps need to be taken to fill data gaps. keywords: اقدامات زیست محیطی | کلاه لبه دار | رادیو | پایتخت طبیعی | خدمات محیط زیستی | زمینه های کشاورزی | Agri-environment measures | CAP | SEEA EA | Natural capital | Ecosystem services | Farming externalities |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Not just an engineering problem: The role of knowledge and understanding of ecosystem services for adaptive management of coastal erosion
فقط یک مشکل مهندسی نیست: نقش دانش و درک خدمات اکوسیستم برای مدیریت انطباق فرسایش ساحلی-2021 Coastal ecosystems are recognized as important providers of ecosystem services such as carbon storage, increased
fish productivity, and wave energy reduction. In a context of climate change, coastal ecosystems are exposed to
erosion and subject to coastal squeeze, even as they provide natural coastal protection against extreme weather.
While civil engineering solutions often take centre stage in mitigating coastal erosion and protecting infra-
structure from storms and sea level rise, we seek to explore the social dimension of adaptive management of
socio-ecological systems and more specifically the role of knowledge and learning. Using an ecosystem services
(ES) framework, we provide a first evaluation of local stakeholders’ perceptions of coastal habitats in maritime
Quebec. The findings demonstrate the importance of a social approach for coastal ES valuation, in particular in
addressing the complex question of cultural ES. A better understanding of the links between coastal stakeholders
and their natural environment can help decision-makers and practitioners design conservation management and
coastal adaptation measures mainstreaming the role of coastal habitats. Nevertheless, a change towards a socio-
ecological perspective will require long-lasting processes that build on social capacities, such as flexible in-
stitutions and multilevel governance systems. keywords: حکومت انطباقی | ابعاد اجتماعی | فرسایش ساحلی | خدمات محیط زیستی | زیستگاه های ساحلی | ادراک ذینفعان | Adaptive governance | Social dimension | Coastal erosion | Ecosystem services | Coastal habitats | Stakeholders’ perception |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Environmental costs assessment for improved environmental-economic account for Indonesia
ارزیابی هزینه های زیست محیطی برای بهبود حساب زیست محیطی-اقتصادی برای اندونزی-2021 The overall purpose of this study is to assess priorities for new environmental accounts in Indonesia. We
use environmental costs related to air pollution and resource extraction in Indonesia as a measure for
priority. This study uses the damage costs approach to estimate the environmental degradation costs
value and the Net Present Value (NPV) approach to obtain the environmental cost of natural resources
depletion of several natural resources that are most important for the Indonesian economy. Our estimate
of the total environmental costs amounts to around 13% of GDP in 2010. Environmental costs are mostly
due to depletion of energy and mineral resources, followed by environmental degradation cost from air
pollution, and the use of forestry resources and related depletion of ecosystems. The Indonesian Central
Bureau of Statistics (BPS) has already published damage costs data related to resource depletion, which
we find is a priority. However, the BPS should consider completing its data with additional information
on the depletion costs of ecosystem services related to forestry. Moreover, the BPS could expand Indonesia’s economic-environmental accounts by including environmental degradation costs due to air
pollution. We found that from a substance perspective, the priorities are SOx, NOx, CO2, CH4, and particulate matter. At the same time, from a sector perspective, the priorities are electricity, manufacture of
basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and first products thereof, mining of coal and lignite, and
extraction of peat, because if the national accounts included the external costs of air pollution and the
depletion of natural resources, these sectors would create a negative value-added.
keywords: هزینه زیست محیطی | هزینه تخریب محیط زیست | خدمات محیط زیستی | کاهش منابع طبیعی | Environmental cost | Environmental degradation cost | Ecosystem services | Natural resources depletion |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Managing multifunctional landscapes: Local insights from a Pacific Island Country context
مدیریت مناظر چند منظوره: بینش محلی از زمینه یک کشور جزیره اقیانوس آرام-2020 Across Pacific Island Countries, projects and policies are incorporating objectives related to managing landscape
multifunctionality to sustain flows of multiple, valued ecosystem services. Strategies to manage natural resources
are often not effective, or do not have intended outcomes, if they do not account for local contexts and the varied
needs and constraints of stakeholders who rely upon natural resources for their livelihoods. Through fieldwork in
Ba, Fiji, local insights were generated concerning the institutional, geographic, and socio-economic factors which
determine and challenge i) different stakeholders’ ability to access landscape resources, and ii) stakeholders’
capacities to benefit from ecosystem services. The following insights were generated from this research which are
important for guiding management of landscape multifunctionality. In Ba, hierarchical governance systems
present barriers to effective management of landscape multifunctionality, and projects or policies with aims to
manage landscapes should establish context appropriate multi-scale governance. Such governance systems
should facilitate communication and interaction between different stakeholders, build upon community
knowledge, and support communities as key actors in landscape management. Consideration of the spatial
footprint of landscape resources, stakeholders’ different physical and financial capacities, and the institutional
structures that mediate access to resources should be central to landscape management and planning. Various
climatic stressors affect flows of ecosystem services from the Ba landscape and people’s capacity to access
landscape resources; therefore, it is important that management of landscapes also builds resilience to climate
stressors. Keywords: Multifunctional landscapes | Socio-ecological systems | Fiji | Pacific Islands | Ecosystem services |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Call for a collaborative management at Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia: An assessment from local stakeholders’ view point
فراخوان یک مدیریت مشترک در Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve ، مالزی: ارزیابی از نظر سهامداران محلی-2020 Effective management of a socio-ecological system (SES) requires a good understanding of: (i) ecosystem functionality, (ii) interactions between social and ecological units, and (iii) stakeholder perceptions and activ- ities. Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) covering 40,200 ha in Peninsular Malaysia is under silvicultural management (with a 30-year forest rotation cycle) for charcoal and timber production since 1902.The aim of this study is to assess the perceptions of (select) local stakeholders on the ongoing mangrove management of MMFR. Earlier, Huge et al. (2016), using Q methodology, identified three main shared per- ceptions, called discourses: (1) Optimization- ‘keep up the good work, but keep improving’, (2) Change for the better- ‘ecotourism & participatory management for sustainability’, and (3) Continuity – ‘business as usual is the way to go’. The current study is a follow-up to Huge et al. (2016) and reports on a survey which assessed the degree of support of the local stakeholders towards those three management discourses. The core statements of each discourse were presented as questions and then ranked by the participants.Based on the findings of the survey, the local stakeholders were clustered into three main working categories:(i) charcoal and timber workers, (ii) fishermen and (iii) service providers. The interviews held with 114 sta- keholders indicated that discourse (2) ‘change for the better’ is the most popular (supported by 72% of the participants) regardless of the stakeholders’ working category. This discourse voices the involvement of local people in decision making, adopts participatory management, and encourages diverse mangrove-based eco- nomic activities beyond mere charcoal and timber production.Single-use management (focusing only on maximising charcoal and timber yields) was perceived as not equitably benefiting all local stakeholders.The insights of this study can guide the managers of Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve to improve the sus- tainability and the local support base for the existing mangrove management regime, e.g. by promoting diverse livelihood options for the local stakeholders. Keywords: Mangrove management | Local-population perception | Stakeholder involvement | Forest management | Socio-ecological system | Ecosystem services |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Modelling fuzzy combination of remote sensing vegetation index for durum wheat crop analysis
مدل سازی ترکیب فازی از شاخص پوشش گیاهی سنجش از دور برای تجزیه و تحلیل محصول گندم دوروم-2019 The application of new technologies (e.g. Internet of Things, mechatronics, remote sensing) to the primary sector
will reduce the production costs, limit the waste of primary materials, and reduce the release of polluting
compounds into the environment. Precision agriculture (PA) has been growing in the last years thanks to industry
efforts and development of applications for diagnostic purposes. Many applications in PA use vegetation
indices to measure phenology parameters in terms of Leaf Area Index (LAI). In this context, the correlation of
some vegetation indices were analyzed with respect to the durum wheat canopy, evaluating two different
phenological stages (elongation and maturity). The results show that for the first stage of growth, the Enhanced
Vegetation Index (EVI) was the best-correlated vegetation index with LAI, while the Land Surface Water Index
(LSWI) was more reliable for the following stage of growth. Considering trials findings, a fuzzy expert system
was developed to combine EVI and LSWI, obtaining a new combined index (Case-specific Fuzzy Vegetation Index)
that better represents the LAI in comparison with the single indices. Thus, this approach could give place to a
better representative vegetation index of a different biological condition of the plant. It may also serve as a
reliable method for wheat yield forecasting and stress monitoring. Keywords: Precision agriculture | LAI | Remote sensing | Crop management | Landsat images | Ecosystem services |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Tourism in Zanzibar: Incentives for sustainable management of the coastal environment
گردشگری در زنگبار: انگیزه برای مدیریت پایدار محیط زیست ساحلی-2015 Tourism was identified in the late 1980s as a sector with major potential for driving economic
development in Zanzibar and has since grown enormously from roughly 19,000 annual visitors in
1985 to well over 200,000 by 2007. Although tourism is now one of the most important sectors of the
economy, contributing roughly 25% to GDP, the impact of tourism on poverty reduction and the
environment has been decidedly mixed. The rapid expansion of tourist infrastructure on the coast,
combined with a population growth rate of over 3%, has put great pressure on coastal areas. In some
areas local villages have seen their access to the beach and sea greatly restricted with resulting loss of
livelihoods, while relatively little of the economic benefit from tourism has gone to local communities.
The coastal and marine environment is seriously degraded due to both human and natural causes. The
paper explores the reasons for this, focusing on the role played by the distribution of benefits from
tourism and the (dis)incentives this creates for sustainable management, especially among local
communities that steward the marine ecosystem. It does this by estimating the incomes (wages, profits
and taxes to local government) generated from five major categories of tourism found in Zanzibar, and
quantifying the distribution of incomes among five different stakeholder groups. The resulting
recommendations are relevant not only for Zanzibar, but for all developing countries that rely on
international tourism.
Keywords: Tourism | Zanzibar | Sustainable development | Ecosystem services |
مقاله انگلیسی |