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نتیجه جستجو - خشونت

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 63
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Intellectual engagements of accounting academics: The ‘forecasted losses intervention
تعاملات ذهنی دانشگاهی حسابداری: مداخله زیان پیش بینی شده-2021
This paper explores the social and political potential of accounting scholarship, presenting and discussing an intellectual intervention challenging a legislative reform that significantly affected Spanish industrial relations. In this reform, an accounting artifact (forecasted losses) played an unexpected role and was misrepresented, prompting a sizeable number of scholars to sign two manifestos in 2010 and 2012 against the use of forecasted losses made by the new legislation. As promoters of this manifesto, we perform in this paper a collaborative autoethnography to reflect on the context, events, reactions, and significance of this intervention for both the academic and the industrial relations fields. We mobilize Pierre Bourdieu’s ideas on the public intellectual to think more generally about academic engagements in the interplay between accounting, poli- cymaking, and social issues. This intervention illustrates the different manners in which admin- istrative and economic powers interfered in the Spanish accounting academic field, limiting the disposition of Spanish scholars to engage in public debates. We also interpret our engagement as mobilizing intellectual capital to expose how the notion of forecasted losses was used to produce a form of symbolic violence and how this capital is more effective as it produces messages addressed to the producers, i.e., policymakers and the judicature in this specific case.
keywords: حسابداری انتقادی | روابط صنعتی | مداخلات فکری | انعکاس | Critical accounting | Industrial relations | Intellectual interventions | Reflexivity
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Improving learning in the management of gender violence: Educational impact of a training program with reflective analysis of dramatized video problems in postgraduate nurses
بهبود یادگیری در مدیریت خشونت جنسیتی:تأثیر آموزشی یک برنامه آموزشی با تجزیه و تحلیل بازتابنده مشکلات ویدئویی دراماتیک در پرستاران کارشناسی ارشد-2021
Background: Most gender-based violence victims who sought help in Spain did so through health services. Training on gender-based violence with active learning methodologies promotes the management of knowledge, reflection, and adaptation to change. Nurses, along with an educator, can construct knowledge with the same strategies they will use professionally. Purpose: To evaluate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes associated of postgraduate nurses on gender-based violence before and after a reflection-based training program with dramatized problem-videos. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the knowledge in the activation of protocols, skills, and attitudes in the management of women who are victims of gender-based violence, the consolidation of learning, and the applicability to the workplace. Methods: Pre-post quasi-experimental study without a control group. A specifically validated and designed in- strument was utilized to evaluate the dimensions of knowledge, skills, and attitudes when facing gender-based violence, before and after the training sessions, along with additional questions to assess if the participants possessed better tools to address gender-based violence. Results: The difference between the pre and post-tests was statistically significant for the dimensions knowledge, skills, and attitude (p < 0.05), with a smaller effect size in the dimensions skills and attitude. Also, high scores were observed in the consolidation of learning and applicability to the workplace. Conclusion: Reflection-based training with dramatized problem-videos improved the acquisition of tools neces- sary for the detection and management of gender-based violence of nurses.
keywords: پرستاری آموزش و پرورش | خشونت بر اساس جنسیت | یادگیری فعال | یادگیری آنلاین | ارزیابی کمی | Education nursing | Gender-based violence | Active learning | Online learning | Quantitative evaluation
مقاله انگلیسی
3 The link between mental health, crime and violence
پیوند بین سلامت روان ، جرم و خشونت-2020
Research investigating the link between mental health, crime and violence often rely on populations that are at a high-risk of violent and criminal behaviour, such as prison inmates and psychiatric patients. As a result of this selection bias, the relationship between mental health, criminal and violent behaviour is significantly overestimated, with mental health being incorrectly linked with violent and criminal behaviours. This study examines the relationship between mental health, violence and crime in a more representative community-based sample. One hundred and twenty-one individuals with and without a mental health disorder reported their involvement in crime and completed an aggression questionnaire. The results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in terms of violence and crime involvement between individuals with a mental health diagnosis and those without. Moreover, the study did not find any statistically significant associations between specific mental health disorders and specific crime offences. The findings suggest that certain mental health disorders do not strongly contribute to crime violence and involvement. Limitations and implications are discussed in detail.
Keywords: Mental health | Crime | Violence | Aggression
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Infection during childhood and the risk of violent criminal behavior in adulthood
عفونت درطی دوران کودکی و خطر رفتارهای جنایتکارانه در بزرگسالی-2020
Infections during brain development appear to contribute to cognitive impairment and aggressive behavior, as well as to a number of developmental mental disorders closely associated with violent criminal behavior. Yet, no study has thus far ever investigated whether infections during brain development increases the risk of violent criminality later in life. In this population-based cohort study, about 2.2 million individuals born in Sweden between the years 1973 and 1995 were included in an effort to estimate the association between infections during childhood (registered ICD-10 diagnoses of infections incurred before the age of 14 years) and violent criminal behavior (registered convictions for a violent crime between the ages of 15 and 38 years, prior to December 31, 2011). After inclusion of several sociodemographic parameters, risks of violent criminal behavior conferred by childhood infections – expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) – were calculated by means of Cox regression. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the effect of psychiatric disorders on the association between infections during childhood and violent criminality. Results revealed a modest, yet significant, association between an infection during childhood and violent criminality later in life (adjusted HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.12–1.16). Infections during the first year of life and infections in the central nervous system were associated with the highest risks of subsequent violent criminality (adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.18–1.23, and adjusted HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08–1.26, respectively). The association was partly mediated by the presence of a psychiatric disorder. In summary, independent of a wide range of covariates, our results suggest that infections during brain development could be part of the genesis of violent criminal behavior.
Keywords: Criminality | Violence | Psychiatric disorder | Cytokines | Immune response
مقاله انگلیسی
5 “Bed Bugs and Beyond”: An ethnographic analysis of North Americas first women-only supervised drug consumption site
"اشکالات بستر و فراتر از آن": تجزیه و تحلیل مردم نگاری اولین سایت مصرف مواد مخدر تحت نظارت فقط در زنان در آمریکای شمالی-2020
Background: Attention to how women are differentially impacted within harm reduction environments is salient amidst North Americas overdose crisis. Harm reduction interventions are typically ‘gender-neutral’, thus failing to address the systemic and everyday racialized and gendered discrimination, stigma, and violence extending into service settings and limiting some womens access. Such dynamics highlight the significance of North Americas first low-threshold supervised consumption site exclusively for women (transgender and non-binary inclusive), SisterSpace, in Vancouver, Canada. This study explores womens lived experiences of this unique harm reduction intervention. Methods: Ethnographic research was conducted from May 2017 to June 2018 to explore womens experiences with SisterSpace in Vancouvers Downtown Eastside, an epicenter of Canadas overdose crisis. Data include more than 100 hours of ethnographic fieldwork, including unstructured conversations with structurally vulnerable women who use illegal drugs, and in-depth interviews with 45 women recruited from this site. Data were analyzed in NVivo by drawing on deductive and inductive approaches. Findings: The setting (non-institutional), operational policies (no men; inclusive), and environment (diversity of structurally vulnerable women who use illegal drugs), constituted a space affording participants a temporary reprieve from some forms of stigma and discrimination, gendered and social violence and drug-related harms, including overdose. SisterSpace fostered a sense of safety and subjective autonomy (though structurally constrained) among those often defined as ‘deviant’ and ‘victims’, enabling knowledge-sharing of experiences through a gendered lens. Conclusion: SisterSpace demonstrates the value and effectiveness of initiatives that engage with socio-structural factors beyond the often narrow focus of overdose prevention and that account for the complex social relations that constitute such initiatives. In the context of structural inequities, criminalization, and an overdose crisis, SisterSpace represents an innovative approach to harm reduction that accounts for situations of gender inequality not being met by mixed-gender services, with relevance to other settings.
Keywords: women | drugs | violence | harm reduction | overdose | supervised consumption sites | Canada
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Behavioral and Mental Health outcomes from an RCT of a Youth Entrepreneurship Intervention among Native American Adolescents
نتایج رفتاری و بهداشت روان از RCT مداخله کارآفرینی جوانان در میان نوجوانان بومی آمریکا-2020
Purpose: This study reports the impact of an entrepreneurship education intervention designed and evaluated specifically for its impact on substance use, suicide and violence-related outcomes among Native American adolescents.Methods: This randomized controlled trial included N = 394 Native Americans ages 13–16. Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 (n = 267:127) to the Arrowhead Business Group intervention versus a control condition. Logistic mixed effects regression models examined within group and between group differences in trajectory from baseline to 24 months follow-up.Results: Fewer intervention vs. control participants used marijuana at 6-, 12- and 24-months post-intervention (19.6% vs. 28.0%, p = 0.032; 20.4% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.01; and 24.1% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.047). All violence-related measures (suicide attempts, carrying a weapon, missing school because felt unsafe, fighting, and fighting at school) statistically significantly declined between baseline and 24 months for both groups. Positive between group differences favoring intervention participants were observed at 6-months for missing school because felt unsafe, and at 24-months for fighting at school. While alcohol use increased for both groups over time, control participants experienced a two-fold higher increase in binge alcohol use than intervention participants (control: 7.1–16.7% vs. intervention: 8.1–13.0%).Conclusions: This is the first report in the US literature of a youth entrepreneurship intervention designed and evaluated to promote behavioral and mental health outcomes. It shows promise for reducing substance abuse and violence toward self and others, the largest health disparities for Native American youth.
Keywords: Substance use | Adolescent | Entrepreneurship education | Native American | Randomized controlled trial | Violence
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Violence risk assessment for young adults receiving treatment for early psychosis
ارزیابی خطر خشونت برای بزرگسالان جوانی که درمان برای روان پریشی اولیه دریافت می کنند-2020
Aim: Although the absolute risk of violence is small for individuals with mental illnesses, a specific subgroup of individuals who appear to be at increased risk for violence includes young people experiencing emerging or early psychosis. Prior research has identified risk factors for violence in this population, though no prior studies using a formal risk assessment tool have been identified. This study used the Historical Clinical Risk Management-20, version 3 (HCR-20) to identify risk of future violence among a sample of young adults with early psychosis and relevant predictors of risk unique to this population.
Methods: The HCR-20 was administered to a sample of young adults with early psychosis (N = 53) enrolled at oneOnTrackNY site, part of a statewide program providing early intervention services to young adults presenting with a first episode of non-affective psychosis. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to explore the relative importance of the HCR-20 items for this population.
Results: The average age of participants was 21.9 years (SD 3.6 years) and most were male (69.8%, n = 37). Mostpatients were assessed to be at low risk for future violence based on the Case Prioritization summary risk rating (67.9%, n = 36). The CFA identified 4 items that were not of relative predictive value in identifying the risk of violence in this sample: history of substance use (item H5), history of major mental disorder (item H6), livingsituation (item R2), and personal support (item R3).
Conclusion: This study presents a formal approach to assessing violence risk in a population at elevated risk of violence, demonstrates the feasibility of using a standardized risk assessment tool in early intervention services, and identifies factors of particular importance associated with predicting violence in this population. Future research should implement violence risk assessment with a structured tool such as the HCR-20 and assess its accuracy in predicting future violent behavior in this setting.
Keywords: Early intervention | First-episode psychosis | Violence risk assessment
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Innovations in violence risk assessment: What aviation can teach us about assessing and managing risk for rare and serious outcomes
نوآوری در ارزیابی خطر خشونت: آنچه هوانوردی می تواند در مورد ارزیابی و مدیریت خطر برای پیامدهای نادر و جدی به ما بیاموزد-2020
This paper describes several ongoing challenges in the field of violence risk assessment (VRA), particularly with respect to establishing acceptable levels of measurement reliability and validity of commonly used risk assess- ment instruments, and demonstrating their ability to reduce risk and avert harmful outcomes. Drawing on analogous concepts from the risk assessment and management process in the aviation industry, several key lessons and aspirational principles for research and practice in the field of VRA are described. It is argued that significantly more attention is required to evaluate the ability of VRA tools to generate effective risk management plans that measurably lower risk and rates of violent outcomes. Three propositions for advancing common VRA research designs are discussed: (1) improved operationalization of risk management plans and their ability to reduce violence; (2) improved measurement of change in risk status over prospective follow-up periods, and (3) a stronger emphasis on short-term assessments with closer temporal proximity between risk factors and outcomes. Collectively, these advancements may enhance the validity and utility of VRA instruments by permitting better specification of the conditions under which risk factors exert effects, and the development of effective risk management plans that join together explanatory frameworks for the causes of violence with strategies to avoid their recurrence.
Keywords: Violence | Risk assessment |Risk management | Safety | Aviation
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Association of childhood blood lead levels with firearm violence perpetration and victimization in Milwaukee
انجمن سطح سرب خون در كودكان با خشونت سلاح گرم و قربانی شدن در میلواکی-2020
Childhood lead exposure impairs future decision-making and may influence criminal behavior, but its role in future firearm violence is unclear. Using public health, education, and criminal justice datasets linked at the individual level, we studied a population-based cohort of all persons born between June 1, 1986 and December 31, 2003 with a valid blood lead test before age 6 years and stable Milwaukee residency (n=89,129). We estimated associations with firearm violence perpetration (n=553) and victimization (n=983) using logistic regression, adjusting for temporal trends, child sex, race, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Increasing risks for firearm violence perpetration and victimization were found in each higher category of blood lead compared to the lowest, after adjusting for confounding. For perpetration, risk ratios (RR) for increasing comparisons of mean blood lead in categories of ≥5 < 10, ≥10 < 20, and ≥20 μg/dL compared to persons with mean blood lead < 5 μg/dL, were: RR 2.3 (95% CI 1.6, 3.3), RR 2.5 (95% CI 1.7, 3.9), and RR 2.8 (95% CI 1.8, 4.4). For victimization, the same increasing categoric comparisons were: RR 1.8 (95% CI 1.4, 2.3), RR 2.4 (95% CI 1.8, 3.2), RR 3.3 (95% CI 2.4, 4.5). The proportion of firearm violence attributable to blood lead ≥5 μg/dL was 56% for perpetration and 51% for victimization. In Milwaukee, during a period of high lead exposures, childhood levels may have substantially contributed to adult firearm violence. While we cannot definitively conclude causality, the possibility that over half of firearm violence among this sample might be due to lead exposure suggests the potential importance of lead exposure reduction in firearm violence prevention efforts.
Keywords: Lead exposure | Firearm violence perpetration | Firearm violence victimization | Blood lead
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Psychodynamics of shame in prison: The Russian dolls of shame
روان شناسی شرمندگی در زندان: عروسک های روسی از شرم -2020
Objectives. – Shame is omnipresent in jail, often in the shadows orhidden behind the masks of other affects. However, psychologicalresearch in a forensic context has paid little attention to this feeling.Method. – This present qualitative study, conducted at a Paris sub-urban jail, is based on psychotherapeutic interviews and groupdiscussions on parenthood with inmates.Results. – Shame first reveals itself silently through body language:shifty eyes, sweaty palms, stooped shoulders. Then it becomesmore apparent when incarcerated individuals expose their perso-nal background, the origin of their delinquent behavior, or theireveryday life in prison.Discussion. – We posit that shame is structural and cumulative inthe life of incarcerated individuals, nested like five Russian dollsin their psyche: first, shame germinates in their social and culturalenvironment; secondly, it roots itself in the experience of violenceand trauma; then it is revealed at the heart of the psychodynamicsof crime; it is amplified by imprisonment; and lastly, while still injail, shame is transmitted to the next generation.Conclusion. – Our research has demonstrated the prevalence ofshame in the psychodynamics of inmates. Further research couldfocus on defining specific psychotherapeutic approaches that canhelp them overcome shame.
Keywords: Shame | Guilt| Criminality| Jail | Inmate | Humiliation | Discrimination | Physical violence |Sexual violence | Trauma | Support group | Family | Transmission | Forensic psychology | Qualitative study
مقاله انگلیسی
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