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تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 7
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Remote sensing of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from waste incineration
دریافت از راه دور فلاکس های اکسیدی متان و نیتروس از سوزاندن زباله-2018
Incomplete combustion processes lead to the formation of many gaseous byproducts that can be challenging to monitor in flue gas released via chimneys. This study presents ground-based remote sensing approaches to make greenhouse gas (GHG) flux measurements of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a waste incineration chimney at distances of 150–200 m. The study found emission of N2O (corresponding to 30–40 t yr−1), which is a consequence of adding the reduction agent urea to decrease NOX emissions due to NOX regulation; a procedure that instead increases N2O emissions (which is approximately 300 times more potent as a GHG than CO2 on a 100-year time scale). CH4 emissions of 7–11 t yr−1 was also detected from the studied chimney despite the usage of a high incineration temperature. For this particular plant, local knowledge is high and emission estimates at corresponding levels have been reported previously. However, emissions of CH4 are often not included in GHG emission inventories for waste incineration. This study highlights the importance of monitoring combustion processes, and shows the possibility of surveying CH4 and N2O emissions from waste incineration at distances of several hundred meters.
keywords: Waste incineration | Greenhouse gas emissions | Methane | Nitrous oxide | Remote measurements| Hyperspectral imaging
مقاله انگلیسی
2 A review of the fate of engineered nanomaterials in municipal solid waste streams
مروری بر سرنوشت نانومواد مهندسی شده در جریان های زباله ای جامد شهری-2018
Significant knowledge and data gaps associated with the fate of product-embedded engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in waste management processes exist that limit our current ability to develop appropriate end-of-life management strategies. This review paper was developed as part of the activities of the IWWG ENMs in Waste Task Group. The specific objectives of this review paper are to assess the current knowledge associated with the fate of ENMs in commonly used waste management processes, including key processes and mechanisms associated with ENM fate and transport in each waste management process, and to use that information to identify the data gaps and research needs in this area. Literature associated with the fate of ENMs in wastes was reviewed and summarized. Overall, results from this literature review indicate a need for continued research in this area. No work has been conducted to quantify ENMs present in discarded materials and an understanding of ENM release from consumer products under conditions representative of those found in relevant waste management process is needed. Results also indicate that significant knowledge gaps associated with ENM behaviour exist for each waste management process investigated. There is a need for additional research investigating the fate of different types of ENMs at larger concentration ranges with different surface chemistries. Understanding how changes in treatment process operation may influence ENM fate is also needed. A series of specific research questions associated with the fate of ENMs during the management of ENM-containing wastes have been identified and used to direct future research in this area.
keywords: Engineered nanomaterials | Waste management | Landfills | Recycling | Incineration | Biological treatment
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Investigating the feasibility of a reuse scenario for textile fibres recovered from end-of-life tyres
بررسی امکان سنجی یک طرح استفاده مجدد برای فایبرهای بافتی بازیابی شده از لاستیک های به پایان راه رسیده-2018
The management of end-of-life tyres (ELTs) is regulated by several national and international legislations aiming to promote the recovery of materials and energy from this waste. The three main materials used in tyres are considered: rubber (main product), which is currently reused in other closed-loop applications; steel, which is used for the production of virgin materials; and textile fibres (approximately 10% by weight of ELTs), which are mainly incinerated for energy recovery (open-loop scenario).
This study aims to propose and validate a new closed-loop scenario for textile fibres based on material reuse for bituminous conglomerates. The final objective is to verify the technical, environmental, financial, and economic feasibility of the proposed treatment process and reuse scenario. After characterization of the textile material, which is required to determine the technological feasibility, a specific process has been developed to clean, compact, and prepare the fibres for subsequent reuse. A life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out to quantify the environmental benefits of reusing the fibres. Finally, a cost benefit analysis based on the LCA results was conducted to establish the long-term financial and economic sustainability.
From a technological point of view, the tyre textile fibres could be a promising substitute to the reinforcement cellulose commonly used in asphalts as long as the fibres are properly prepared (compaction and pellet production) for application in the standard bituminous conglomerate production process. From an environmental point of view, relevant benefits in terms of global warming potential and acidification potential reduction were observed in comparison with the standard incineration for energy recovery (respectively −86% and −45%). Moreover, the proposed scenario can be considered as financially viable in the medium to long term (cumulative generated cash flow is positive after the 5th year) and economically sustainable (expected net present value of more than €3,000,000 and economic rate of return of approximately 30%). Finally, the sensitivity and risk analyses show that no specific issues are foreseen for the future implementation in real industrial applications.
keywords: Circular economy | End-of-life tyres | Reuse scenario | Cost–benefit analysis | Feasibility evaluation
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Influence of the grade on the variability of the mechanical properties of polypropylene waste
تاثیر درجه روی تغییرپذیری خواص مکانیکی زباله های پلی پروپلین-2018
The prior properties of recycled polypropylene depend on the origin of waste deposits and its chemical constituents. To obtain specific properties with a predefine melt flow index of polypropylene, the suppliers of polymer introduce additives and fillers. However, the addition of additives and/or fillers can modify strongly the mechanical behaviour of recycled polypropylene. To understand the impact of the additives and fillers on the quasi-static mechanical behaviour, we consider, in this study, three different recycled polypropylenes with three different melt flow index obtained from different waste deposits. The chemical constituents of the additives and filler contents of the recycled polypropylenes are determined through thermo-physico-chemical analysis. Tensile and bending tests performed at different strain rates allow identifying the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus, the yield stress, the maximum stress, and the failure mechanisms. The results obtained are compared with non-recycled polypropylene and with few researches to explain the combined effect of additives. Finally, a post-mortem analysis of the samples was carried out to make the link between the obtained mechanical properties and microstructure.
keywords: Recycled polypropylene | Grade | strain rate effect | Additive effect | Mechanical property
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Monitoring foaming potential in anaerobic digesters
نظارت بر پتانسیل حباب جوشی در گوارنده های بی هوازی-2018
Foaming in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems for biogas generation can give serious operational problems. The cause of such foaming events is often unclear, and it is therefore not an easy task to predict and subsequently apply preventative measures. Methods for the measurement of the foaming potential of digester sludge are often implemented, but no standardized method is available. In this study, we investigated parameters influencing the foam formation during experimental aeration tests of full-scale digester sludge, including air flow, time, and total solids concentration, and proposed an optimized method for standard use. In a survey of 16 full-scale AD systems located at wastewater treatment plants in Denmark, all sludge samples were classified into three groups (non-foaming, pre-foaming, and actually foaming) according to their foam height/propensity and stability. Extensive surveillance of plants with the proposed classification system will enable the determination of cut-off values to help to identify foaming or pre-foaming sludge, and to associate these with operational conditions leading to foaming episodes.
keywords: Foaming | Anaerobic digestion | Foaming potential aeration test | Foam height/propensity | Foam stability
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Barriers, drivers and decision-making process for industrial energy efficiency: A broad study among manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises
موانع، رانندگان و فرآیند تصمیم گیری برای بهره وری انرژی صنعتی: مطالعه وسیع در میان تولیدات شرکت های کوچک و متوسط-2016
Energy efficiency has been recognized as a primary means to increase the competitiveness of the industrial sector, and in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in which energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are scarcely implemented. For this reason, future policies should carefully address such issue. Hence, it is really crucial to have a precise and punctual knowledge of the barriers to be tackled in the decision-making process of adopting an EEM and the drivers to be promoted. This study discussed the findings from a broad investigation within 222 manufacturing SMEs located in a Northern Italy region. Beside economic issues particularly affecting SMEs, awareness and behavioural issues emerge as critical, affecting the very first steps of the decision-making process, related to the punctual identification and evaluation of plausible EEMs. The support from manufacturers, technology suppliers, installers and ESCOs supporting SMEs through vocational training drivers (e.g. technical support) is really important to tackle such issues. More generally, beside financial institutions, the supply chain of technologies is recognized as particularly useful for supporting enterprises in the adoption of EEMs. Additionally, having previously conducted energy audit and implemented EEMs are critical factors able to highlight noneconomic barriers and drivers. Therefore, the promotion of EEMs will necessarily imply a further effort in pointing out the so-called non-energy benefits (NEBs) from the implementation of EEMs. Finally, our study reveals that smaller and non-energy intensive emerge as most critical and therefore deserve greater attention from policy-makers.
Keywords: Industrial energy efficiency | Barriers | Drivers | Decision-making | Small and medium-sized enterprises
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Managing risks linked to machinery in sawmills by controlling hazardous energies: Theory and practice in eight sawmills
مدیریت خطرات مربوط به ماشین آلات در کارخانه های چوب با کنترل انرژی های خطرناک: نظریه و تمرین در هشت کارخانه چوب-2016
Machines pose various types of hazards and exposure to these hazards can result in injury or death. Risks linked to machinery can be managed by controlling hazardous energies. Safety procedures are thus used to control hazardous energies on machinery when workers perform different tasks such as maintenance, unjamming, or repair work. These procedures are part of a safety management policy for hazardous energies. The policy is described in a document referred to as the lockout program, which includes activities and work targeted by lockout, audits, hazard identification, training, communication and so on. The objective of this paper is to understand how the lockout program is actually implemented. As such, seven lockout programs from eight sawmills were analyzed. Twenty-two interviews were conducted with machine operators, maintenance workers and managers to gain a better understanding of the actual application of lockout programs, identify weak points and propose improvements. Fifty-seven lockout procedures were also observed. It was found that (i) hazard identification was incomplete, (ii) lockout program signatures and dates were missing, (iii) actual lockout practices were better than the procedures described in the programs regarding lockout hardware, rules to observe when using lockout hardware (e.g. keeping keys in one’s possession at all times) and machinery design for facilitating lockout, (iv) locks were applied to control systems during minor unjamming contrary to lockout principles, and (v) permits were issued as alternatives to lockout for troubleshooting without risk assessment. In actual fact, risk assessment is needed for both interventions requiring lockout and those without lockout.
Keywords: Lockout/tagout | Maintenance | CSA Z460 | Machine | Procedure
مقاله انگلیسی
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