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Evaluating nature-based solutions for climate mitigation and conservation requires comprehensive carbon accounting
ارزیابی راه حل های مبتنی بر طبیعت برای کاهش و حفاظت از آب و هوا نیاز به حسابداری کربن جامع دارد-2021 Nature-based solutions (NbS) can address climate change, biodiversity loss, human well-being and their
interactions in an integrated way. A major barrier to achieving this is the lack of comprehensiveness in
current carbon accounting which has focused on flows rather than stocks of carbon and led to perverse
outcomes. We propose a new comprehensive approach to carbon accounting based on the whole carbon
cycle, covering both stocks and flows, and linking changes due to human activities with responses in the
biosphere and atmosphere. We identify enhancements to accounting, namely; inclusion of all carbon
reservoirs, changes in their condition and stability, disaggregated flows, and coverage of all land areas.
This comprehensive approach recognises that both carbon stocks (as storage) and carbon flows (as
sequestration) contribute to the ecosystem service of global climate regulation. In contrast, current ecosystem services measurement and accounting commonly use only carbon sequestration measured as net
flows, while greenhouse gas inventories use flows from sources to sinks. This flow-based accounting has
incentivised planting and maintaining young forests with high carbon uptake rates, resulting, perversely,
in failing to reveal the greater mitigation benefit from protecting larger, more stable and resilient carbon
stocks in natural forests. We demonstrate the benefits of carbon storage and sequestration for climate
mitigation, in theory as ecosystem services within an ecosystem accounting framework, and in practice
using field data that reveals differences in results between accounting for stocks or flows. Our proposed
holistic and comprehensive carbon accounting makes transparent the benefits, trade-offs and shortcomings of NbS actions for climate mitigation and sustainability outcomes. Adopting this approach
is imperative for revision of ecosystem accounting systems under the System of EnvironmentalEconomic Accounting and contributing to evidence-based decision-making for international conventions
on climate (UNFCCC), biodiversity (CBD) and sustainability (SDGs).
keywords: راه حل های مبتنی بر طبیعت | حسابداری کربن | خدمات آب و هوا | ذخیره سازی کربن و جداسازی | یکپارچگی اکوسیستم | سیستم حسابداری محیط زیست اقتصادی | Nature-based solutions | Carbon accounting | Climate regulation service | Carbon storage and sequestration | Ecosystem integrity | System of Environmental-Economic Accounting |
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