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21 |
Tailoring critical loss to the competitive process
تطبیق ضررهای بحرانی با فرایند رقابتی-2020 In 1989, Barry Harris & Joseph Simons developed a quantitative method to implement the Horizontal
Merger Guidelines’ hypothetical monopolist test with a market-level “critical loss” analysis. The appeal of
Harris & Simons’ framework is that it created a simple, intuitive approach to delineating markets—with
relatively parsimonious data requirements. After over a decade of use, however, economists began to
propose alternative approaches to the classic critical loss analysis—using theory to impose structure on
firm-level demand. This allowed researchers to reformulate the critical loss test in terms of diversion
ratios. The purpose of this paper is to discuss when the classic, market-level approach to critical loss is
more appropriate and when firm-level critical loss offers an important refinement. We illustrate, with a
detailed example, that under certain plausible demand scenarios, a diversion-based firm-level analysis
could easily reach the wrong answer on market definition. Thus, the analyst needs to carefully study
the competitive environment before deciding on the appropriate analysis. As a bottom line, the choice
between market-level and firm-level analysis depends on the specific factual situation. Keywords: Critical loss analysis | Market definition | Hypothetical monopolist test | SSNIP | Unilateral effects | Merger analysis | Antitrust |
مقاله انگلیسی |
22 |
Changing the game to compete: Innovations in the fashion retail industry from the disruptive business model
تغییر بازی برای رقابت: نوآوری در صنعت خرده فروشی مد از مدل کسب و کار مخل-2020 Unprecedented competition and emergent technologies have posed a
challenge to many traditional retailers in recent years. Yet within this competitive
environment, emerging innovative business models have thrived and successfully
disrupted the industry. We analyze the nature of disruptive business-model innovations and the ways they disrupt the fashion retail industry. To that end, we examine
three disruptors in the industry: born-digital brands, AI-enabled demand forecasting and product design, and collaborative consumption. After introducing the
concept of disruptive business-model innovation, we discuss the three disruptors’
effects on the fashion industry. We find that all of these models keenly answer
fundamental needs unmet by current business models, such as offering quality
products at a competitive price, curated services, and sustainable consumption.
At the same time, all three disruptors suggest effective operation models for
handling demand uncertainty, inventory management, and timely responses to
the market, all of which are inherent issues for current push supply chains and
forecast-based, inventory-driven systems. Based on this analysis, we discuss important implications for both academics and industry practitioners.
KEYWORDS: Disruptive innovation | Business model | Inventory management | Demand forecasting | Fashion industry | Online retail |
مقاله انگلیسی |
23 |
اجرای فناوری صنعت 4:0 در SMEs - یک مرور در منطقه مرزی دانمارک و آلمان
سال انتشار: 2020 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 9 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 22 صنعت 4.0 ، که به عنوان چهارمین فناوری تحول برای سیستم های فیزیکی دیجیتال در تولید شناخته شده ، تأثیر مخربی بر صنایع ایجاد می کند. شرکت های تولیدی ، به ویژه شرکت های کوچک و متوسط ، با چالش های مختلفی روبرو هستند و برای ادامه رقابت باید دائماً نوآوری داشته باشند. یکی از راه های نوآوری ، اجرای فناوری های جدید در فرایندهای شرکت است. در این مطالعه ، ما چگونگی ارتباط فناوری ، شرکت و صنعت در ارتباط با اجرای صنعت 4.0 در SME ها را بررسی می کنیم. داده ها را از طریق نظرسنجی با تمرکز بر صنعت 4.0 در SME جمع آوری کردیم. نتایج نشان داد که دانش و مزایای مورد انتظار فناوری، محرکی برای اجرای فناوری های صنعت 4.0 هستند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که به احتمال زیاد، شرکتهای دارای سطح بالایی از اتوماسیون فرآیند و تنوع بالای محصول ، فناوریهای صنعت 4.0 را اجرای می کنند. این مطالعه درک بهتری از وضعیت ، چالش ها و برنامه های اجرای صنعت 4.0 در SME ها ایجاد می کند ، که از توسعه ابزارها و سیستم های تولید مناسب SME و درک مدیران صنعت و سیاست گذاران از فناوری های صنعت 4.0 پشتیبانی می کند.
صنعت 4.0 | SME ها | پیاده سازی فناوری | مرور-بررسی |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
24 |
Should environment be a concern for competition policy when firms face environmental liability?
آیا وقتی شرکتها با مسئولیت زیست محیطی روبرو هستند ، آیا محیط زیست باید نگران سیاست رقابت باشد؟-2020 In the recent period, more and more voices have called for unconventional competition policies as a
way to achieve higher environmental investments from firms. This paper shows that this objective may
come into conflict with those of environmental liability laws. We introduce a basic oligopoly model
where firms produce a joint and indivisible environmental harm as a by-product of their output. We first
analyze the effects on the equilibrium of alternative designs in environmental liability law, secondly,
we discuss the rationale for “non-conventional” competition policies, i.e. more concerned with public
interest such as the preservation of environment (as well as human health and so on). We study firms
decisions of care and output under various liability regimes (strict liability vs negligence) associated
with alternative damages apportionment rules (per capita vs market share rule), and in some cases
with damages multipliers. We find that basing an environmental liability law on the combination of
strict liability, the per capita rule, and an “optimal” damages multiplier, is consistent with a conservative
competition policy, focused on consumers surplus, since, weakening firms’ market power also increases
aggregate expenditures in environment preservation and social welfare. In contrast, a shift to the market
share rule, or to a negligence regime, may be consistent with a restriction of competition, since firms’
entry may instead lead to a decrease in aggregate environmental expenditures and losses of social welfare.
Nevertheless the fine tuning of the policy requires specific information from a Competition Authority,
which we discuss as well.
Keywords: Strict liability | Negligence | Damages apportionment rules | Market share liability | Environmental liability | Cournot oligopoly | Competition policy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
25 |
Allocating supervisory responsibilities to central bankers: Does national culture matter?
اختصاص مسئولیت های نظارتی به بانک های مرکزی: آیا فرهنگ ملی اهمیت دارد؟-2020 Central banks play an important role in the economy. They are responsible for the conduct of monetary
policy, and in several countries, they get involved in the supervision of the financial sector. We derive
a simple theoretical model to illustrate how culture may influence a politician’s choice of regulatory
architecture and the assignment of responsibilities when anticipating the impact of that regime on the
regulatory agencies’ incentives to cooperate. Using a sample of around 70 countries during the period
1996–2013 we confirm that the extent of supervisory duties that are allocated to the central bank are
influenced by national culture. More specifically, consistent with the theoretical predictions, we find that
individualism is positively associated, and power distance is negatively associated, with the likelihood
of higher central bank involvement in supervision.
Keywords: Central banks | Culture | Politicians | Supervision | Regulatory competition |
مقاله انگلیسی |
26 |
How to convert digital offerings into revenue enhancement – Conceptualizing business model dynamics through explorative case studies
نحوه تبدیل پیشنهادات دیجیتالی به افزایش درآمد - تصور پویایی مدل کسب و کار از طریق مطالعات موردی اکتشافی-2020 Equipment manufacturers are currently utilizing new digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, or Big Data, for new digital offerings. However, these offerings seldom enhance revenue, because companies struggle with business model (BM) dynamics. By analyzing 27 companies through an explorative case-study approach, the authors consider how companies can successfully achieve revenue enhancement through digital offerings. The result is a threefold framework for revenue enhancement through digital offerings. First, this framework distinguishes between three phases of BM dynamics: 1) augmenting products through a “hardware plus” logic, 2) developing a portfolio of multiple logics for creating customer value, 3) integrating this portfolio through platform logic. Second, the framework emphasizes that three barriers, which we refer to as confidence, mixing, and collaboration barrier, limit the progress from Phases 1 to 3. Third, the framework reveals that each phase contains certain modifications of BM components. In the first phase, companies adapt their BM components slightly, so as to advance toward a “hardware plus” logic. In the second phase, companies embrace more radical BM innovations in order to convert services into an outcome-based BM and develop a new software subscription BM. In the third phase, companies modify BM components in order to integrate the BMs internally and to open them up for external collaboration partners. Keywords: Digitalization | Digital offerings | Business models | Business model innovations | Competitive advantages | Business model components | Revenue enhancement | Value creation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
27 |
Linking big data analytical intelligence to customer relationship management performance
پیوند دادن هوش تحلیلی داده های بزرگ با عملکرد مدیریت ارتباط با مشتری-2020 This study investigates the driving forces of a firm’s assimilation of big data analytical intelligence (BDAI) and how the assimilation of BDAI improve customer relationship management (CRM) performance. Drawing on the resource-based view, this study argues that a firm’s data-driven culture and the competitive pressure it faces in the industry motivate a firm’s assimilation of BDAI. As a firm resource, BDAI enables an organization to develop superior mass-customization capability, which in turn positively influences its CRM performance. In addition, this study proposes that a firm’s marketing capability can moderate the impact of BDAI assimilation on its mass- customization capability. Using survey data collected from 147 business-to-business companies, this study find ssupport for most of the hypotheses. The findings of this study uncover compelling insights about the dynamics involved in the process of using BDAI to improve CRM performance. Keywords: Big data | Data-driven culture | Competitive pressures | Mass customization | Marketing capability | CRM performance |
مقاله انگلیسی |
28 |
Problems of Poison: New Paradigms and "Agreed" Competition in the Era of AI-Enabled Cyber Operations
مسئله سم: پارادایم های جدید و رقابت "توافق شده" در عصر عملیات سایبری با هوش مصنوعی-2020 Few developments seem as poised to alter the characteristics of security in
the digital age as the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. For national
defense establishments, the emergence of AI techniques is particularly worrisome,
not least because prototype applications already exist. Cyber attacks augmented by
AI portend the tailored manipulation of human vectors within the attack surface of
important societal systems at great scale, as well as opportunities for calamity resulting
from the secondment of technical skill from the hacker to the algorithm. Arguably
most important, however, is the fact that AI-enabled cyber campaigns contain great
potential for operational obfuscation and strategic misdirection. At the operational
level, techniques for piggybacking onto routine activities and for adaptive evasion of
security protocols add uncertainty, complicating the defensive mission particularly
where adversarial learning tools are employed in offense. Strategically, AI-enabled
cyber operations offer distinct attempts to persistently shape the spectrum of cyber
contention may be able to pursue conflict outcomes beyond the expected scope of
adversary operation. On the other, AI-augmented cyber defenses incorporated into
national defense postures are likely to be vulnerable to “poisoning” attacks that
predict, manipulate and subvert the functionality of defensive algorithms. This article
takes on two primary tasks. First, it considers and categorizes the primary ways in
which AI technologies are likely to augment offensive cyber operations, including the
shape of cyber activities designed to target AI systems. Then, it frames a discussion
of implications for deterrence in cyberspace by referring to the policy of persistent engagement, agreed competition and forward defense promulgated in 2018 by the United States. Here, it is argued that the centrality of cyberspace to the deployment
and operation of soon-to-be-ubiquitous AI systems implies new motivations for
operation within the domain, complicating numerous assumptions that underlie
current approaches. In particular, AI cyber operations pose unique measurement
issues for the policy regime. Keywords: deterrence | persistent engagement | cyber | AI | machine learning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
29 |
Reshaping competitive advantages with analytics capabilities in service systems
تغییر شکل مزایای رقابتی با قابلیت تجزیه و تحلیل در سیستم های خدماتی-2020 Big data analytics capability can reshape competitive advantages for a service system. However, little is known about how to develop and operationalize a service system analytics capability (SSAC) model. Drawing on the resource based view (RBV), dynamic capability theory (DCT) and the emerging literature on big data analytics, this study develops and validates an SSAC model and frames its impact on competitive advantages using a thematic analysis, delphi studies (n=35) and a survey (n=251) . The main findings illuminate the varying importance of three primary dimensions (i.e., service system analytics management capability, technology capability and personnel capability) and various respective sub dimensions (i.e., service system planning, in- vestment, coordination, control, connectivity, compatibility, modularity, technology management knowledge, technical knowledge, business knowledge and relationship knowledge) in developing overall analytics cap- abilities for a service system. The findings also confirm the strong mediating effects of three dynamic capabilities (i.e., market sensing, seizing and reconfiguring) in establishing competitive advantages. We critically discuss the implications of our findings for theory, methods and practice with limitations and future research directions.1.0. Keywords: Big data | Service analytics capability | Dynamic capability | Competitive advantage |
مقاله انگلیسی |
30 |
A TD3-based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning method in mixed cooperation-competition environment
یک روش یادگیری تقویتی عمیق چند عاملی مبتنی بر TD3 در محیط رقابتی و همکاری ترکیبی -2020 We explored the problem about function approximation error and complex mission adaptability in multiagent
deep reinforcement learning. This paper proposes a new multi-agent deep reinforcement learning
algorithm framework named multi-agent time delayed deep deterministic policy gradient. Our work
reduces the overestimation error of neural network approximation and variance of estimation result
using dual-centered critic, group target network smoothing and delayed policy updating. According to
experiment results, it improves the ability to adapt complex missions eventually. Then, we discuss that
there is an inevitable overestimation issue about existing multi-agent algorithms about approximating
real action-value equations with neural network. We also explain the approximate error of equations
in the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm mathematically and experimentally.
Finally, the application of our algorithm in the mixed cooperative competition experimental environment
further demonstrates the effectiveness and generalization of our algorithm, especially improving the
group’s ability of adapting complex missions and completing more difficult missions. Keywords: Reinforcement learning | Overestimation error | Dual-critic | MADDPG | MATD3 |
مقاله انگلیسی |