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نتیجه جستجو - رقابت

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 419
ردیف عنوان نوع
71 Robots, standards and the law: Rivalries between private standards and public policymaking for robot governance
روبات ها ، استانداردها و قانون: رقابت بین استانداردهای خصوصی و سیاست گذاری عمومی برای حاکمیت ربات ها-2019
This article explains the complex intertwinement between public and private regulators in the case of robot technology. Public policymaking ensures broad multi-stakeholder pro- tected scope, but its abstractness often fails in intelligibility and applicability. Private standards, on the contrary, are more concrete and applicable, but most of the times they are voluntary and reflect industry interests. The ‘better regulation’ approach of the EU may increase the use of evidence to inform policy and lawmaking, and the involvement of different stakeholders. Current hard-lawmaking instruments do not appear to take advantage of the knowledge produced by standard-based regulations, virtually wasting their potential benefits. This fact affects the legal certainty with regards to a fast-paced changing environment like robotics. In this paper, we investigate the challenges of overlapping public/private reg- ulatory initiatives that govern robot technologies in general, and in the concrete of healthcare robot technologies. We wonder until what extent robotics should be governed only by standards. We also reflect on how public policymaking could increase their technical understanding of robot technology to devise an applicable and comprehensive framework for this technology. In this respect, we propose different ways to integrate the technical know-how into policymaking (e.g., collecting the data/knowledge generated from the im-pact assessments in shared data repositories, and using it for evidence-based policies) and to strengthen the legitimacy of standards.
Keywords: Standard | Standardization | Lawmaking | Robots | Artificial intelligence | Policy | Human-robot interaction | Private actors | Public regulatory bodies
مقاله انگلیسی
72 Foreign penetration, competition, and financial freedom: Evidence from the banking industries in emerging markets
نفوذ خارجی ، رقابت و آزادی مالی: شواهدی از صنایع بانکی در بازارهای نوظهور-2019
Traditional theories suggest that foreign entry intensifies competition and improves efficiency in a banking sector. However, the positive impacts may be offset by several factors, such as foreign banks’ “cherry-picking” lending practice, mergers & acquisitions, and the “crowd-out” effect. Based on a sample of commercial and savings banks collected from Bankscope, this paper investigates the effects of foreign penetration on bank competition in the host countries. Using the two-step Arellano-Bond system GMM method, we show that the entry of foreign banks enhances competition in the banking systems among the sampled developing countries between 2000 and 2014. The positive relationship between foreign penetration and banking competition is more conspicuous after the 2008–2009 global recession. Latin American countries appear to benefit more from foreign bank penetration during the sample period than emerging markets in Asia. Also, the level of a host country’s financial freedom has a moderation effect on the “foreign penetration—competition” nexus.
Keywords: Emerging market economies | Banking | Foreign penetration | Competition
مقاله انگلیسی
73 تهدید ورود و استفاده از اختیار در گزارشگری مالی بانکها
Threat of entry and the use of discretion in banks’ financial reporting-2019
This paper studies managers’ use of accounting discretion to deter entry. Using state-level changes in branching regulation under the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, I find geographically-constrained community banks increased their loan loss provisions to appear less profitable when faced with the threat of entry by competitors. Additional tests rule out alternative explanations that firm economics or regulators drove the increase. I complement my analyses with survey-based evidence. Findings from the survey confirm that banks prefer to locate in markets where incumbents have high profitability and low credit losses, and that banks use competitors’ financial statements to analyze competition
Keywords: Financial reporting | Product market competition | Entry deterrence | Banking | Regulator incentives | Loss provisioning
مقاله انگلیسی
74 Competition and stability in modern banking: A post-crisis perspective
رقابت و ثبات در بانکداری مدرن: چشم انداز پس از بحران-2019
Competition has been suppressed for extended periods in banking and when it has been unleashed, financial stability has suffered. This paper elucidates the relationship between competition and stability in modern banking, with particular attention to the impact of digital technologies, and derives the policy consequences for regulation and competition pol
Keywords: Shadow banking | Fintech | Digital technology | Crisis | Run | Regulation
مقاله انگلیسی
75 فصل دوازدهم: سازمانهای ورزشی
سال انتشار: 2019 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 25 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 60
ترکیب سازمانهای ورزشی در هر سطح از ورزش به دلایل مختلف در حال تغییر و تحول است. نکته اول، برای رشد بیشتر موفقیت، عمدتا از نظر سود ، سازمانهایی که از باشگاه های جوان و نخبگان تا ورزشکاران بخشهای ورزشی دانشگاه ها و نهایتا تیمهای حرفه ای، همگی در جستجوی مزیتهای رقابتیِ در دستری برای تیم هستند.نکته دوم، پیشرفت در علو ورزشی برای این سازمانها دانش ، روشها ، و فناوری هایی را فراهم کرده است، که میتوانند به ورزشکاران آنها کمک کنند تا سطح عملکرد خود را ارتقا بخشند.امروزه، سیستم های حرفه ای با عملکرد بالا و ارزشمند در ورزشهای جهانی شامل مربیانی میشوندکه در حوزه های مختلف فناوری، تاکتیکی،و شایستگیهای عملکرد ،متخصصان پزشکی ورزشی ، متخصصین تغذیه ،تکنسین ها ،و بصورت فزاینده ایی، مشاوران روانشناسی ورزشی و یا مربیان ذهنی دارای تخصص و مهارت هستند.علاوه بر این، برای ورزشهایی که شامل تجهیزات خاص میشوند از جمله، قایقرانی ، لوژسواری ،مسابقات اسکی ، دانشمندان ، طراحان ، و مهندسان نیز بخشی از این ترکیب هستند. این تیمهایی که دارای عملکرد بالا هستند و در نوع و سطح ورزشها در سازمانها متفاوت هستند ،این تیمها از نظر رهبری، منابع مالی ، و ساختار و اولویتها نیز با یکدیگر بسیار متفاوت هستند. هدف بیان شده در این مجموعه جمع اوری شده از متخصصان دارای عملکرد بالا در واقع اطمینان حاصل نمودن از این است که شرکت کنندگان در عملکردهای ورزشی با اهداف روشن و شفاف ، به اطلاعات موردنیاز برای ورزشکاران و ابزارهای مورد نیاز انها برای به حداکثر رساندن عملکرد خودشان دسترسی داشته باشند و بتوانند موفقیتهای رقابتی را کسب کنند.
مقاله ترجمه شده
76 Intricacies of competition, stability, and diversification: Evidence from dual banking economies
پیچیدگی های رقابت ، ثبات و تنوع: شواهدی از اقتصاد بانکی دوگانه-2019
This paper investigates the nexus of competition and stability by introducing the interaction of diversification and competition. We use a sample of both conventional and Islamic banks from 14 dual banking economies over 2005–2016. The core finding illustrates that competition does not impact bank stability and that diversification is insignificant in the competition-stability nexus. Further, we find that concentration is beneficial for the banking stability of both types of banks. In most of our results, we found no difference in the impact of competition and diversification on the stability of conventional and Islamic banks. To put our findings in a broader context, we argue that no difference between the business models can be considered an early signal of possible convergence between the two systems.
Keywords: Bank competition | Diversification | Stability | Dual banking economi
مقاله انگلیسی
77 Democracy, regulation and competition in emerging banking systems
دموکراسی ، مقررات و رقابت در سیستمهای نوظهور بانکی-2019
This paper develops a political economy framework to analyse the relations among democracy, financial regulation and banking competition in the emerging banking systems of Central and Eastern Europe. We develop extensive new yearly non-structural indices of bank competition instead of concentration indices as in the previous literature that show its evolution over time with the level of democracy. In addition, we directly test for linkages between democracy, financial regulation and banking competition. Using an unbalanced panel data set over the period 1994–2016 for 617 banks, we show that more democratic countries with better regulatory framework lead to the enhancement of competition. We also find significant support for the core hypothesis that financial regulatory framework in a “partially” democratic environment is inadequate. Given that financial regulatory framework in a “partially” democratic environment can be inadequate we find a U-shaped relation in the sense that there is a threshold level of democracy beyond which banking systems in those countries are more competitive
Keywords: Democracy | Regulation | Compe
مقاله انگلیسی
78 Determinants of the competitive advantage of dairy supply chains: Evidence from the Chinese dairy industry
عوامل تعیین کننده مزیت رقابتی در زنجیره های تامین فراورده های لبنی: شواهدی از صنعت لبنی چینی-2019
In this study, we use an evidence-based approach to examine the factors that determine the competitive advantage of dairy supply chains using evidence from the Chinese dairy industry. We focus on the quality assurance of dairy products, which is considered one of the fundamental influential factors. We investigate interrelationships among the identified determinants, which include dairy production behavior, dairy cow culture model, government regulations, corporate social responsibility, and quality assurance, and examine how these determinants influence the competitive advantage of dairy supply chains. We employ the structural equation modeling approach in which grouped observable variables that represent the identified determinants are extrapolated from primary data collected through a questionnaire survey. Our key findings show that by mediating the effects of dairy production behavior and the dairy cow culture model, government regulation and corporate social responsibility significantly affect the quality assurance of dairy products. In turn, dairy production behavior and the dairy cow culture model significantly affect the competitive advantage of the dairy supply chain via the fully mediated effects of the quality assurance of dairy products. Specifically, the dairy cow culture model helps ensure the safety and quality of milk supply, allowing core dairy firms to control product quality throughout the dairy supply chain. Our empirical study shows that the identified determinants interact to assure the quality of dairy products and enhance the competitive advantage of the dairy supply chain in China.
Keywords: Dairy | Supply chain | Competitive advantage | Quality assurance | Structural equation model
مقاله انگلیسی
79 The Regulations–Risk Taking Nexus under Competitive Pressure: What about the Islamic Banking System?
مقررات - ریسک پذیری Nexus تحت فشار رقابتی: سیستم بانکی اسلامی چیست؟-2019
Does market power condition the effect of bank regulations and supervision on bank risk taking? We focus on three regulatory tools: capital requirements, the restriction of activities, and official supervisory powers. Employing 10 years of unbalanced panel data on 123 Islamic and conventional banks operating in the Middle East and Asia, we arrive at the following conclusions. First, banking market power strengthens the negative impact of capital regulation on bank risk taking. Second, our empirical results suggest that the negative effect of activity restrictions on stability is diminished when banks have greater market power. Finally, we do not find strong evidence that the negative effect of supervisory power on banks’ risk taking is conditioned by their competitive behavior. In further analysis, we differentiate between Islamic and conventional banks regarding their competition, as well as their risk behavior. The results differ according to the banking business model. These findings could be useful for bank regulators in light of the accomplishment of Islamic banks’ regulatory framework. Indeed, the adoption of Basel III represents a significant regulatory challenge, given that it does not take into account the specificities of Islamic bank
Keywords: Market power | Z-score | nonperforming loans | banking regulations | Islamic banks | JEL Classification: G21 | G32
مقاله انگلیسی
80 MARKET CONCENTRATION AND BANK COMPETITION IN EMERGING ASIAN COUNTRIES OVER PRE AND POST THE 2008 GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
تمرکز بازار و رقابت بانکی در ورود به کشورهای آسیایی بیش از قبل و بحران مالی جهانی سال 2008-2019
This paper examines the relationships between market concentration, bank competition, and efficiency in banking across six emerging Asian countries namely Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam over the period 2005 to 2012. The countries selected for this study operate commercial banking activities with a comparatively large number of both publicly listed and private commercial banks providing a broad range of commercial banking services. For example, banks in Bangladesh, India and Vietnam used to be predominantly state-owned. But over the last few decades, governments have been issuing licenses to private owners. The methodological approach taken by our study provides an important and original contribution to the extant literature by testing various hypothesis that investigate the relationship between competition and efficiency across banks from a select group of Asian countries. We find that market concentration has a positive effect whereas competition has a negative effect on the efficiency of banks operating in these countries. This finding conveys a critically important message to the regulators of banks in these countries: there is a trade-off between quantity and quality. Our analyses also reveal that the effect of bank size on efficiency is positive whereas the effect of liquidity risk on efficiency is negative.This again supports the conventional wisdom that large banks are in a position to provide cost efficient services because they have the ability to attain economies of scale and scopes. Here again, the regulators have very important roles to play: while they have to put in place effective mechanism preventing big banks from being an oligarchy; at the same time, they should make sure that banks get liquidity support as funding pressure builds up
مقاله انگلیسی
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