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تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 5
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Multi-outsourcing supply chain coordination under yield and demand uncertainties
هماهنگی بین زنجیره تامین چند برون سپاری تحت عدم قطعیت عملکرد و تقاضا-2021
As a popular production mode, outsourcing enables the cost saving for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and the acquisition of advanced technology for contract manufacturer (CM). We consider a multi-outsourcing supply chain within the voluntary compliance regime. The game between one OEM facing uncertain demand and arbitrary CMs owning uncertain yields is modeled to study the interactions regarding lot-sizing decisions. A general method is developed to prove the concavity of profit functions, which is formidable to accomplish based on Hessian Matrix. The optimal ordering and production strategies are subsequently characterized. A revenue sharing with surplus purchase contract with great flexibility in parameter selection is proposed to coordinate the supply chain. We find that there exist threshold outsourcing prices beyond which the CMs are motivated to overproduce, otherwise they tend to produce in consistent with the orders. In a competitive market, price war is not a wise strategy for CM due to profit sacrifice. By contrast, if the selling price charged by the OEM is high, a smart CM can appropriately raise its outsourcing price because the order quantity difference among CMs is relatively small. Although supply stability improvement and outsourcing price reduction are both welcomed by the OEM, the latter is more important for it to consider in allocating orders.
Keywords: Multiple sourcing | Supply chain management | Random yield | Newsvendor | Game theory
مقاله انگلیسی
2 On the multi-product newsvendor with bounded demand distributions
روزنامه فروش چند محصولی با توزیع های محدود تقاضا-2018
We consider a multi-item newsvendor problem with side constraints and common continuous demand distributions that are bounded implying that the items’ profit functions are nondifferentiable. In particular we focus on the cases of uniform and triangular distributions. These distributions naturally describe demand that is guaranteed to exceed a certain threshold – for example, consumption of basic food products or electric power consumption over any given day. Moreover, in practice, it is often difficult to estimate the demand distribution. Accordingly, the uniform and triangular distributions become default modeling choices when only information regarding the bounds and possibly the mode of the distribution is known. We generalize a previous quadratic programming model for uniformly distributed demand on to allow a to be nonzero and to allow the order quantity to be smaller than a. We study the corrected model and propose an efficient algorithm for determining an optimal solution. The algorithm is motivated by a structural result of an upper bound on the number of guaranteed shortage products, which typically appear in multiproduct settings with a positive demand distribution lower bound. The performance of our specialized algorithm is compared to that achieved when solving our formulation with a piecewise quadratic objective using a state-of-the-art standard solver. We also extend the modeling technique to propose a nonlinear programming formulation for triangular demand distributions. A similar approach can be adopted to approximate other demand distributions with a possibly non-finite support, such as truncated normal with strictly positive lower bounds.
keywords: Logistics |Inventory management |Multi-item newsvendor |Quadratic programming |Convex programming
مقاله انگلیسی
3 The impact of abusing return policies: A newsvendor model with opportunistic consumers
تاثیر سوء استفاده از سیاست های بازگشتی: یک مدل روزنامه فروشی با مشتری های فرصت طلب-2018
Consumers may return a product for a variety of reasons, such as the product having the wrong color or size, having poor functionality, being damaged during shipment, or simply prompting regret for an impulsive purchase. Retailers generally provide lenient return policies not only because they may signal high quality but also because they act as risk relievers for consumers’ purchasing decision processes. However, increasing product returns have become particularly challenging for the efficient management of inventory. As such, at the crux of a holistic inventory model lies the understanding of consumer return behavior. In this study, we introduce a variant of the classical single-period inventory (newsvendor) model with returns, in which heterogeneous consumers decide, based on their post-purchase valuation of the product, whether to return the product after using it. From the perspective of the retailer, such deliberate returns may abuse the return policy, which in turn may exacerbate reverse logistics and environmental costs. To that end, we incorporate demand uncertainty and consumer valuation uncertainty by explicitly gauging return probabilities and differentiated salvage values into a newsvendor model. We derive analytical results for the profit-maximizing order quantity for a single-period product that comes with a retailer return policy and exclusively identify the impact of return type as abused or normal. Also offered are closed-form optimal solutions in the cases where market demand is exponentially or uniformly distributed. Structural and numerical results lend managerial insight into how optimal ordering amount, profit, return rates and salvage values change with the price, return window, and hassle cost of returning the product.
keywords: Inventory management |Consumer behavior |Product returns |Fraudulent proclivity |Uncertain demand |Return policy
مقاله انگلیسی
4 The unlimited newsvendor: A general solution to a class of two-period newsvendor problems
روزنامه فروشی نامحدود: یک راه حل عمومی برای یک سری مشکلات روزنامه فروشی دو دوره ای-2018
We study a scheduling system in which a manufacturer, who sells to a retailer, determines the stocking level for a single product. The manufacturer has two opportunities to make a stocking decision. At the beginning of the first period, the manufacturer sets a preliminary stocking level based upon a set of initial demand estimates, possibly obtained from several sources, which consists of demand distributions and the probabilities that final demand will be drawn from any of these distributions. The uncertainty about which demand distribution will be realized is resolved after the first period, leaving the manufacturer with a known demand distribution but unknown final demand. At this point, the manufacturer can change the preliminary stocking level by either expediting additional supply or cancelling some—or all—of the initial stocking order. Expediting and cancelling carry a penalty cost. We develop a process for identifying the optimal initial and revised order quantities that can be applied regardless of the number of initial demand distributions. We also present a heuristic approach that can significantly simplify the process and, in many cases, maintain the quality of the solution.
keywords: Supply chain management |Two-period newsvendor |Stochastic inventory models |Expediting and cancellation
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Conditions of reverse bullwhip effect in pricing under joint decision of replenishment and pricing
شرایط تاثیر شلاقی معکوس در قیمت گذاری تحت تصمیم مشترک تجدید تدارکات و قیمت گذاری-2018
A “reverse bullwhip effect in pricing (RBP)” occurs when an amplification of price variability takes place moving from the upstream suppliers to the downstream customers in a supply chain. In this study, we investigate RBP conditions for supply chains where joint replenishment and pricing decisions are made. Commencing with a single-stage supply chain in which a retailer faces a random and price-sensitive demand, we extend the results to a multi-stage supply chain using a leader-follower game theoretical framework. We discuss RBP conditions for supply chains where newsvendor and continuous review inventory policies are employed, and present numerical examples for commonly used demand functions.
keywords: Pricing |Inventory control |Newsvendor |Continuous review |Bullwhip effect |Supply chain management |Game theory
مقاله انگلیسی
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