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Using traits to build and explain an ecosystem model: Ecopath with Ecosim modelling of the North Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)
استفاده از صفات برای ساخت و توضیح یک مدل اکوسیستم: Ecopath با مدل سازی Ecosim از شمال به دریای اژه (مدیترانه شرقی)-2020 The mass-balance-trophic-model Ecopath and its extension Ecopath with Ecosim is very popular for modelling marine ecosystems. In this work, a model of the marine ecosystem of the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediter- ranean) was created, incorporating the use of biological traits in both building and explaining the model. For the former, data regarding a total of 19 biological traits concerning the biology, distribution, ecology and behavior were used for the definition of fish functional groups. Regarding model interpretation, the results were not only analyzed in the functional groups level but also regarding the composition of the resulting biological traits. In total, 41 functional groups were created for this model. Landings data and discards estimations of the year 1993 were used for the Ecopath component. Six different fisheries management scenaria, one retaining a business-as-usual (maintenance of the status quo) approach and the others investigating changes in fishing effort for the period 2018–2033 were simulated with Ecosim. The simulation results indicated a reduction of pelagic species as well as of biological characteristics associated with them. Concurrently, an increase in the biomass of deep-livingspecies and of relevant biological traits was observed. In general, no strong differences were documented among the various simulation scenarios with the exception of the species targeted by the individual fisheries whose fishing effort changed in each scenario and the associated traits. Significant findings pertain to the decrease of thermophilic traits like high optimal temperature and summer spawning in all fisheries management scenaria simulated. These could mitigate the opposite trend expected to be favored by climate change and the decrease of characteristics associated with the r-life strategy, possibly resulting in less resilient future fish communities. In addition, the negative trends of the biological traits that are anyway rare (e.g. low trophic level and small lifespan) may impact ecosystem functioning. The modelling approach used on this work could be adopted to model other marine communities (possibly also using traits for other ecosystem components) to provide interesting insights regarding anthropogenic effects on marine ecosystem functioning. Keywords: Ecosystem modeling | Traits-based approaches | Simulations | Ecosystem approach to fisheries |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Assessing the Brazilian federal fisheries law and policy in light of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale fisheries
ارزیابی قانون و سیاست شیلات فدرال برزیل با توجه به رهنمودهای داوطلبانه برای تأمین شیلات پایدار در مقیاس کوچک-2020 The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) endorsed in June 2014
by the member States of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was a landmark for
the recognition, promotion and protection of the subsistence and artisanal small-scale fisheries (SSF) sector in the
world. This instrument is part of contemporary International Fisheries Law, integrating management and
development of fisheries with a range of other relevant matters such as human rights, gender and climate change,
following a human rights-based approach (HRBA) and taking into account the ecosystem approach to fisheries
(EAF). In this context and with a view to contribute to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), this article provides an analysis of the SSF Guidelines and informs on how its’ implementation can be
supported by the Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,959/2009, which provides for the National Policy for the Sustainable
Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries in Brazil. It is seen that certain issues of the SSF Guidelines
are better addressed in other federal legal instruments, which should be read, interpreted and applied in combination
with that legislation. This analysis aimed at assisting legal practitioners and policy-makers in the
implementation of the SSF Guidelines in Brazil. Keywords: International fisheries law | Small-scale fisheries | Human rights-based approach | Ecosystem approach to fisheries | Brazilian fisheries law and policy |
مقاله انگلیسی |