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Tourism in Zanzibar: Incentives for sustainable management of the coastal environment
گردشگری در زنگبار: انگیزه برای مدیریت پایدار محیط زیست ساحلی-2015 Tourism was identified in the late 1980s as a sector with major potential for driving economic
development in Zanzibar and has since grown enormously from roughly 19,000 annual visitors in
1985 to well over 200,000 by 2007. Although tourism is now one of the most important sectors of the
economy, contributing roughly 25% to GDP, the impact of tourism on poverty reduction and the
environment has been decidedly mixed. The rapid expansion of tourist infrastructure on the coast,
combined with a population growth rate of over 3%, has put great pressure on coastal areas. In some
areas local villages have seen their access to the beach and sea greatly restricted with resulting loss of
livelihoods, while relatively little of the economic benefit from tourism has gone to local communities.
The coastal and marine environment is seriously degraded due to both human and natural causes. The
paper explores the reasons for this, focusing on the role played by the distribution of benefits from
tourism and the (dis)incentives this creates for sustainable management, especially among local
communities that steward the marine ecosystem. It does this by estimating the incomes (wages, profits
and taxes to local government) generated from five major categories of tourism found in Zanzibar, and
quantifying the distribution of incomes among five different stakeholder groups. The resulting
recommendations are relevant not only for Zanzibar, but for all developing countries that rely on
international tourism.
Keywords: Tourism | Zanzibar | Sustainable development | Ecosystem services |
مقاله انگلیسی |