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Investigation of direct and indirect transfer of microbiomes between individuals
بررسی انتقال مستقیم و غیرمستقیم میکروبیومها بین افراد-2020 The human microbiome encompasses the fungi, bacteria and viruses that live on, within, and immediately
surrounding the body. Microbiomes have potential utility in forensic science as an evidentiary tool to link or
exclude persons of interest associated with criminal activities. Research has shown the microbiome is individualised,
and that personal microbial signatures can be recovered from surfaces such as phones, shoes and
fabrics. Before the human microbiome may be used as an investigative tool, further research is required to
investigate the utility and potential limitations surrounding microbial profiling. This includes the detectability of
microbial transfer between individuals or items, the associated risks (such as contamination events) and the
applicability of microbial profiling for forensic purposes.
This research aimed to identify whether an individual’s distinguishable microbiome could be transferred to
another individual and onto substrates, and vice versa. Paper, cotton, and glass surfaces were chosen to represent
a range of substrate matrices. The study involved six participants placed into three pairs; participants took part
in two modes of transfer. Transfer Mode 1 involved the pair shaking hands, followed by rubbing a substrate in
their right hand. Transfer Mode 2 involved individuals rubbing a substrate in their left hand, swapping substrates
with their partner and then rubbing the swapped substrate in their left hand. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed
on the extracted microbial DNA from participant and substrate samples. Quantitative Insights into
Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME 2) was used for sequence quality control and beta (between-sample) diversity
analyses and taxonomic assignment.
Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on Jaccard distances was visualised through Emperor software to
determine the phylogenetic similarity of bacterial communities between participants and among participant
pairs. Statistical testing through PERMANOVA revealed significant differences in the Jaccard distances between
each participant pair (P < 0.001), highlighting not only the potential distinguishability of skin microbiomes
among individuals, but also the clustering effect observed between participant pairs due to the potential transfer
of hand-associated microbiomes between individuals. The study demonstrated that transfer of the human skin
microbiome had occurred between all participant pairs, regardless of substrate type or mode of transfer. Keywords: Forensic | Skin microbiome | Transfer | Microbial profiling | Crime scene |
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