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Knowledge in pre-hospital emergency and risk management among outdoor adventure practitioners in East Africa afro-alpine mountains
دانش در اورژانس قبل از بیمارستان و مدیریت ریسک در میان تمرینکنندگان ماجراجویی در فضای باز در کوه های آفریقای شرقی آفریقا-2021 Introduction: The enjoyment of nature and other benefits of outdoor activities happen amid inherent hazards. This
calls for knowledge and competency in emergency and risk management. Practitioners in outdoor activities, such
as mountaineering, thus need to be knowledgeable on how to manage risks and attend to emergencies in their
practice. The study sought to establish the preparedness of East African mountaineering practitioners in pre-
hospital emergency and risk management. It sought to establish their knowledge on prehospital emergency and
risk management, based on their age, gender, level of education and refresher training.
Methods: The study purposively sampled one hundred and thirty six (N = 136) outdoor adventure practitioners
from the Afro-alpine mountain areas in East Africa. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant
relationship between the outdoor practitioners’ knowledge in prehospital emergency risk management and their
age, gender, level of education, refresher training. Somers’ d was used to test the hypotheses.
Results: It was established that the knowledge scores of prehospital emergency and risk management for the
mountaineering practitioners was low. It was also established that the knowledge scores of outdoor practitioners
were not dependent on their age, gender, and work experience. However, there was a significant relationship
between the outdoor adventure practitioners’ knowledge scores and their highest level of education as well as
refresher training.
Conclusions: The study concluded that there were gaps in the knowledge of prehospital risk management of the
East African Afro-alpine mountaineering practitioners. It recommends frequent and regular training and re-
certification among outdoor adventure practitioners in order to raise the knowledge in prehospital emergency
risk management.
African relevance
• Identifying prehospital emergency care knowledge by African out-
• Prehospital emergency care is not emphasized in the outdoor
• With inaccessible health care in African outdoors, there is need for
door practitioners can guide planning for training.
adventure practice in many African settings.
knowledge in prehospital emergency risk management. keywords: دانش | پیش بیمارستان | اضطراری | کوهنوردی | ماجرا | در فضای باز | Knowledge | Prehospital | Emergency | Mountaineering | Adventure | Outdoor |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Reputational economies of scale
اقتصاد مقیاس معتبر-2020 For many years, most scholars have assumed that the strength of reputational incentives is positively
correlated with firm size. Firms that sell more products or services were thought more likely to be trustworthy than those that sell less because larger firms have more to lose if consumers decide they have
behaved badly. That assumption has been called into question by recent work that shows that, under the
standard infinitely repeated game model of reputation, reputational economies of scale will occur only
under special conditions, such as monopoly, because larger firms not only have more to lose from behaving badly, but also more to gain. This article shows that reputational economies of scale exist even when
there is competition and without other special conditions, if the probability that low quality is detected
is positively correlated with the quantity of the good or service sold. It also shows that reputational
economies of scale exist, under some circumstances, in a finite-horizon model of reputation. Reputational economies of scale help explain why law and accounting firms can act as gatekeepers, why mass
market products are more likely to be safe, why firms are less likely to exploit one-sided contracts than
consumers, and why manufacturers market new products under the umbrella of established trademarks. Keywords: Reputation | Repeat play | Trademark | Certification | Umbrella branding |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Considering sustainability in cruise vessel design and construction based on existing sustainability certification systems
با توجه به پایداری در طراحی و ساخت کشتی های کروز بر اساس سیستم های صدور گواهینامه پایداری موجود-2020 Interest towards sustainability in cruise industry has increased during recent years. This article focuses in
the ship design and construction phase and what sustainability indicators can be collected e and
adapted - from certification systems in other sectors. Certificates in land-based construction and hospitality
sectors, as well as a general reporting scheme called Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), serve as a
benchmark in this study. The indicators that can be collected already during the design and construction
phase are categorized, the categories are linked to the phase in which the indicators have effect on, and
the applicability of each category for cruise industry is considered. The certificates for land-based construction
are more detailed than GRI and more thorough than certificates in hospitality sector. From the
indicators affecting design and construction phase, indicators in general management of the project,
material selection and waste management categories can be utilized in cruise industry similarly to existing
sustainability systems. While social sustainability is seen important in cruise industry, in land-based
construction sector the social sustainability indicators are scarce, whereas GRI or even hospitality
sector certificates have more comprehensive set of indicators. In indicators affecting the operation time,
modification and additions are required before usage in cruise industry. The environmental effects should
be redefined taking into account especially the air pollution and waste management. In well-being effects
and encouraging sustainable lifestyle there are plenty of unsuitable indicators due to the operational
environment, but new indicators could be developed on the crew premises. Building efficiency and
commissioning are suitable for cruise industry. Although there are only a few indicators affecting the
deconstruction phase, they can be considered suitable. Keywords: Sustainability | Cruise industry | Certificate | Indicator |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Is Blue Flag certification a means of destination competitiveness? A Canadian context
آیا صدور گواهینامه پرچم آبی وسیله ای برای رقابت مقصد است؟ زمینه کانادایی-2020 As competition increases, so does the need for a destination to differentiate itself. Blue Flag, a voluntary environmental
certification, has been described as an effective marketing tool to communicate nature-based management
to consumers. Does certification, however, influence the consumer’s choice when choosing a
destination? This study examined consumer’s satisfaction of beach characteristics and tourist preferences for
beach selection through subjective indicators of destination competitiveness. Findings show that knowledge of
Blue Flag certification increased the importance that beachgoers placed on selecting future destinations, as well
as higher levels of overall satisfaction, satisfaction with water quality, water cleanliness and beach cleanliness.
These results suggest that beach certification is a signal of indirect competitiveness. As such, tourism agencies
may be able to deploy the results of this research to support their decision to utilize certifications as a means of
differentiation, as well as being a strategy through which to educate the beachgoers of their role in protecting
and maintaining the beach for current and future generations. Keywords: Destination competitiveness | Blue flag | Sustainability | Certification | Beaches | Canada | Destination choice |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Effects of separating commercial and investment banking: Evidence from the dissolution of a joint venture investment bank
تأثیرات تفکیک بانکداری تجاری و سرمایه گذاری: شواهدی از انحلال بانک سرمایه گذاری مشترک-2019 This study investigates how firms are affected by the separation of commercial and invest- ment banking, using unique data from the dissolution of Japan’s Daiwa Securities SMBC, a joint venture investment bank. This event prevented its client firms from receiving a combination of lending and underwriting services. After the dissolution, these firms ex- perienced a sharper decline in market value, more frequent switching of seasoned equity offering (SEO) underwriters, and the disappearance of lower SEO discounts when they had close lending relationships with Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, the ex-parent commer- cial bank. Thus, separating the two banking businesses would impose costs on firms. Keywords: Glass–Steagall Act | Universal banking | Informational economies of scope | Certification effect |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Critical success factors affecting the implementation of halal food management systems: Perspective of halal executives, consultants and auditors
عوامل موفقیت بحرانی موثر بر اجرای سیستم های مدیریت مواد غذایی حلال: چشم انداز مدیران حلال، مشاوران و حسابرسان-2017 The provision of halal certified food is important for both Muslims consumers as well as halal food
manufacturers in Malaysia. Nevertheless, there are still lots of consumers’ complaints resulted from the
partial implementation of Malaysia halal standard (MS1500:2009) by these food manufacturers. Hence,
critical factors affecting the implementation of halal standard need to be identified and examined as an
initial step in fostering its implementation. To date, only limited empirical research is available on the
implementation of halal food management system (based on MS1500:2009) especially amongst the
small and medium enterprise (SME). Therefore, this study seeks to identify critical factors for effective
implementation of halal food management system in SMEs. Using a qualitative approach, fifteen semi
structured interviews were carried out with halal executives, consultants and auditors from Malay
sian/local halal authority. The recorded interviews were transcribed, translated, coded, and reconciled.
Atlas.ti software (version 7) assisted in data coding to identify themes and subthemes. The findings
suggested that top management, halal executive, employees, suppliers, and consumers are critical fac
tors. Similarly, information and knowledge, teamwork, support, policy and procedure, and training are
also important determinants towards the successful implementation of the systems. Effective recruit
ment to ensure the availability of Malaysian Muslim manpower, halal personnel empowerment to play
dual roles relate to halal and quality/safety, and keeping up to date with recent fatwa development were
found to be important and unique to halal context.
Keywords: Halal food | Food management system | SMEs | Malaysia | Halal certification |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Effect of Certificate of Need Law on the intensity of competition: The market for emergency care
تأثیر قانون صدور گواهینامه بر کثرت رقابت: بازار خدمات اورژانسی-2017 Purpose: This article aims to contribute to the academic literature in better understanding the impact of
Certificate of Need (CON) Law on Emergency Department (ED) care. Impact of CON Law on ED compe
tition remains an unanswered empirical question.
Methods: We examine the impact of CON Law and its stringency on the intensity of competition (rivalry
among competitors) between EDs measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). We then esti
mate the effects of CON Law on HHI by treating CON as an exogenous (endogenous) variable.
Findings: On average the CON legislation enhances ED competition. A possible reason is that the law
hinders predatory behavior, and therefore acts as an effective anti-trust tool. Other findings indicate that
competition is found to be positively related to a states population size and median income and
negatively related with the prevalence of employer provided insurance and magnitude of illegal
immigration in a state.
Practical implications: This article sheds some light on how political regulations could affect healthcare
market and hence may provide public policy makers some insights on reducing healthcare cost.
Originality: Our analysis of the impact of CON regulation on ED competition significantly contributes to
the healthcare and strategy literature. The law potentially serves as an anti-trust tool in the hands of the
government. We extend the empirical literature by treating CON Law and its stringency as exogenous
(endogenous). Our comprehensive analysis considers a host of control variables such as population
demographics, their health status and access to health care, healthcare facilities, political environment, in
addition to the CON features.
Keywords: CON Law | Health policy | Competition | Herfindahl-Hirschman Index | Emergency department |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Really sustainable? Inherent risks of eco-labeling in fisheries
واقعا پایدار؟ خطرات ذاتی از کشورهای عضو اکو برچسب زدن در ماهیگیری-2016 Article history:Received 25 May 2015Received in revised form 7 September 2015 Accepted 16 September 2015Keywords:Environmental certification Eco-labelsMarket liberalization Social justiceIn recent years, there has been a proliferation in environmental, market-based product certification schemes. Typically, certifying bodies provide labels that assure that the products have been extracted or produced using environmentally (and sometimes socially) responsible practices. Ideally, consumers can then make informed choices and select certified products over non-certified. We discuss the advantages as well as the limitations associated with such market-based certification systems drawing on three case studies of Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification: the Alaska Pollock Fishery, the Faroe Islands’ Saithe Fishery, and the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery. Based on our cases, a key indication is that incentives generated by market forces create a risk of certification schemes making questionable claims in order to increase and retain market shares. Monopolization of the concept of sustainability is an impor- tant additional issue. Experience from the MSC demonstrates that standardization of what is considered sustainable creates a monopoly-like situation. This produces a difficult situation for those who are least able to respond to new market requirements as well as those who respond to calls for sustainability in different ways compared to those that have received the approval of a few, large certification schemes such as the MSC.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Environmental certification | Eco-labels | Market liberalization | Social justice |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The effect of ISO 14001 on environmental performance: Resolving equivocal findings
اثر ISO 14001 در عملکرد زیست محیطی: حل یافته های مبهم-2016 •
ISO 14001s effectiveness at reducing pollution varies across countries.
• ISO 14001s effectiveness at reducing pollution varies across environmental impact. • Standard instrumentation approaches to address endogeneity may not be sufficient. • ISO 14001 may be more effective when there are clear cost-saving opportunities. • ISO 14001 may be more effective at reducing indirectly regulated impacts. Keywords: ISO 14001, environmental management | system | Voluntary environmental program | Certification program | Environmental performance | Discrete choice model | Endogeneity |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Certification with Russian characteristics: Implications for social and environmental equity
صدور گواهینامه با ویژگی های روسیه: پیامدها برای عدالت اجتماعی و زیست محیطی-2016 This paper applies theories of equity and transnational “governance generating networks” to assess how forest certification is enacted in Russia. Drawing on eight years of field research, we compare the engagement of shifting networks of Russian private sector, NGO, governmental and local community actors in implementing select social and environmental standards and how this impacts the effectiveness of the FSC in tackling local community and environmental concerns.Our case study suggests that much of the parameter-setting for what is addressed in certification's “sites of im-plementation” happens outside of formal standards-setting processes. In regard to environmental standards, strong and stable transnational environmental networks have been relatively successful in protecting “high con- servation value forests”. However equivalent multi-level networks are lacking for key social standards. While a national social NGO has had some success in promoting procedural equity through community participation, we find no evidence that certification was addressing local community concerns for distributive equity. In partic- ular, certification had failed to address the loss of small and medium forest enterprises, loss of local access to sawnwood and rising costs of fuelwood. This highlights the power dynamics of global standards implementation and the need for multi-scale advocacy coalitions to ensure their effective implementation.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Equity | Governance | Network | Forest certification | Russia | High conservation value forest |
مقاله انگلیسی |