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1 |
Magic, Bayes and wows: A Bayesian account of magic tricks
جادو، بیز و واو: شرح بیزی از ترفندهای جادویی-2021 Magic tricks have enjoyed an increasing interest by scientists. However, most research in magic focused on
isolated aspects of it and a conceptual understanding of magic, encompassing its distinct components and va-
rieties, is missing. Here, we present an account of magic within the theory of Bayesian predictive coding. We
present the “wow” effect of magic as an increase in surprise evoked by the prediction error between expected and
observed data. We take into account prior knowledge of the observer, attention, and (mis-)direction of
perception and beliefs by the magician to bias the observer’s predictions and present a simple example for the
modelling of the evoked surprise. The role of misdirection is described as everything that aims to maximize the
surprise a trick evokes by the generation of novel beliefs, the exploitation of background knowledge and
attentional control of the incoming information. Understanding magic within Bayesian predictive coding allows
unifying all aspects of magic tricks within one framework, making it tractable, comparable and unifiable with
other models in psychology and neuroscience. keywords: شعبده بازي | سورپرایز بیزی | برنامه نویسی پیش بینی شده | سوء تفاهم | توجه | Magic | Bayesian surprise | Predictive coding | Misdirection | Attention |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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French magistrates perception of the introduction of neuroscientific data in expert reports: Effects on the assessment of the expert’s report and criminal case
تصور دادرسان فرانسوی از معرفی داده های علوم اعصاب در گزارش های کارشناسی : تأثیرات ارزیابی گزارش کارشناسی و پرونده جنایی-2020 Objective. – To analyze whether the judge’s perception of the quality, and scientific basis of a psychiatric
expert report of a criminal defendant can vary according to whether or not this evaluation includes
neuroscientific data (a written description of a structural neuroimaging MRI scan) and their effects on
the decisions made by judges. Experimental psychology has demonstrated a number of cognitive effects arising from exposure to neuroscientific explanations and/or neuroimaging data and which may bias
judgments and lead to (mis)interpretations that can affect decisions. This research suggests that
including neuroscience evidence in an expert report may impact they way the report is assessed by nonspecialists,
such as judges, whose work requires them to take into account such reports.
Method. – We conducted a study on 41 French judges in order to determine whether their perceptions
of the expert report (objectivity, reliability, scientific basis, quality, relevance, credibility, and
persuasiveness) and their assessment of risk of recidivism, link between the disorder and offense
and the influence of expert report on their decision-making, vary according to whether or not the
evaluation includes neuroscientific data. The magistrates had to read a clinical case, summarizing an
expertise, with or without neuroscientific data, and then answer various closed (criteria were evaluated
using 7-point Likert-scales) and open-ended questions (asking respondents to indicate the reasons
underlying their Likert-scale responses). Half of the magistrates received report containing
neuroscientific data and the other half a similar report, without this type of data. Quantitative analyses
were carried out to assess the effect of the sample’s characteristics on the responses given and to
compare the results between the two conditions (correlation analyses and Student T). Qualitative
analyses, terminological and thematic, were also carried out.
Results. – Quantitative and qualitative results show that the presence of neuroscience data in an expert
report affects judges’ perceptions of the report and the magistrates’ perceptions of the link between
disorder and offense. The judges considered the expert report including neuroscientific data to be more
relevant, more objective, better quality, and more reliable than the report without such data.
Furthermore, they found the expert’s arguments to be more persuasive and that these arguments had a
greater scientific basis when the report included neuroscientific data than when such data was absent.
Moreover, this phenomenon was stronger in more experienced magistrates than in less experienced
magistrates. The qualitative finding shows a greater ability to recognize shortcomings in expert reports
when they do not contain neuroscience data. The Expert reports including neuroscience data are
perceived as more scientific and objective.
Conclusion. – The presence of neuroscience data in an expert report affects judges’ perceptions of that
report. These effects may be related to cognitive biases described in the literature, in particular the
perceived scientific nature of neuroscience data. If judges are aware of their limits when it comes to
assessing technical data, they appear relatively unaware that scientific data can induce cognitive biases
and thereby affect their perceptions of expert reports. Keywords: Criminal liability | Evaluation | Justice decision | Magistrate | Neuroscience | Psychiatric expertise |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
FPGA Realization of Fractional Order Neuron
تحقق FPGA نورون مرتبه فراکسیون-2020 In this paper fractional Hindmarsh Rose (HR) neuron, which mimics several behaviors of a real biological neuron is implemented on field programmable gate array (FPGA). The re- sults show several differences in the dynamic characteristics of integer and fractional order Hindmarsh Rose neuron models. The integer order model shows only one type of firing characteristics when the parameters of model remains same. The fractional order model depicts several dynamical behaviors even for the same parameters as the order of the fractional operator is varied. The firing frequency increases when the order of the frac- tional operator decreases. The fractional order is therefore key in determining the firing characteristics of biological neurons. To implement this neuron model first the digital re- alization of different fractional operator approximations are obtained, then the fractional integrator is used to obtain the low power and low cost hardware realization of fractional HR neuron. The fractional neuron model has been implemented on a low voltage and low power circuit and then compared with its integer counter part. The hardware is used to demonstrate the different dynamical behaviors of fractional HR neuron for different type of approximations obtained for fractional operator in this paper. A coupled network of frac- tional order HR neurons is also implemented. The results also show that synchronization between neurons increases as long as coupling factor keeps on increasing. Keywords: Computational neuroscience | Fractional Hindmarsh Rose neuron (HR) | Fractional calculus | Fractional-operator | Field-programmable-gate-arrays (FPGA) | Synchronization |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Current limits of neurolaw: A brief overview
محدودیت های فعلی حقوق عصبشناختی : مروری کوتاه-2020 Nowadays, we are witnessing the increasing scholarly attention to neuroscience achievements in thecontext of the law. However, the complexity of the brain cognitive functions and the performance limitsof current neuroscience techniques for discovering the secrets of the brain on one hand, and the needfor neuro-litigation development with ethical-legal constraints, on the other hand, caused some limitsin ‘law and neuroscience’. What credit can be given to neuroscience today in full development? Canfunctional brain imaging have a place in criminal procedures to assess liability and dangerousness, forexample? We will consider the limits of the techniques as well as the possible progress of the legislationin this field. These questions justify the creation of a new interdisciplinary concept: Neurolaw or Lawapplied to neuroscience. Keywords: Dangerousness | Law and neuroscience | Neurolaw limits | Functional magnetic resonance imaging | (fMRI) |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Using an AI creativity system to explore how aesthetic experiences are processed along the brain’s perceptual neural pathways
استفاده از یک سیستم خلاقیت هوش مصنوعی برای بررسی نحوه پردازش تجارب زیبایی شناختی در مسیرهای عصبی ادراکی مغز-2020 With the increased sophistication of AI techniques, the application of these systems has been expanding to ever newer fields. Increasingly,
these systems are being used in modeling of human aesthetics and creativity, e.g. how humans create artworks and design products.
Our lab has developed one such AI creativity deep learning system that can be used to create artworks in the form of images and videos.
In this paper, we describe this system and its use in studying the human visual system and the formation of aesthetic experiences. Specifically,
we show how time-based AI created media can be used to explore the nature of the dual-pathway neuro-architecture of the human
visual system and how this relates to higher cognitive judgments such as aesthetic experiences that rely on these divergent information
streams. We propose a theoretical framework for how the movement within percepts such as video clips, causes the engagement of reflexive
attention and a subsequent focus on visual information that are primarily processed via the dorsal stream, thereby modulating aesthetic
experiences that rely on information relayed via the ventral stream. We outline our recent study in support of our proposed
framework, which serves as the first study that investigates the relationship between the two visual streams and aesthetic experiences. Keywords: Neuroscience | Brain simulation | Artificial intelligence | Deep learning | Visual pathways | Neural pathways | Neuro-architecture | Aesthetics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Review for Cognitive Systems Research of the book The Brain and AI, by authors Karl Schlagenhauf and Fanji Gu
مروری بر تحقیقات سیستمهای شناختی کتاب مغز و هوش مصنوعی ، توسط نویسندگان Karl Schlagenhauf و Fanji Gu-2020 The human brain is often considered the most complex system known. It has a fantastic capacity to learn and remember, to recognize
patterns in space and time, solve problems of all kinds, innovate tools and machines, create beautiful art and science. Is it reasonable to
believe that we, in a foreseeable future, will be able to understand all the wonders of our own brain, enough to be able to mimic it and
build artificial brains and minds that correspond to or even surpass the capacity of the human origin? Can we seriously believe that we
(soon, or ever) will be able to build robots that know of and can reflect upon their own existence?
This review of the book, The Brain and AI, deals with such issues, but in a very special way. It is written as a fascinating dialogue
between the two authors, Chinese scientist Fanji Gu and German engineer Karl Schlagenhauf, where they discuss the development of
neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI) with a critical examination of given ‘‘truths” in these fields. The Brain and AI is indeed worth
reading for many reasons, regardless if you are a student or researcher in any of the many fields of science discussed here (e.g. physics,
computer science, neuroscience, cognitive science psychology, social science), or if you are just interested in the current and future development
of brain research and artificial intelligence. The book is both educating and entertaining and can be strongly recommended. Keywords: Review | Neuroscience | Artificial intelligence | Human Brain Project | Consciousness | Free Will |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Neuroentrepreneurship a new paradigm in the management science
کارآفرینی عصبی یک پارادایم جدید در علم مدیریت-2020 The primary objective of the paper is to present the essence of the new paradigm in the management science, which is neuroentrepreneurship. This objective determined the papers layout. In the first part, the theories of entrepreneurship are presented, including the context of research on entrepreneurship. In the second part, the techniques of cognitive neuroscience are described, which are used to determine the impact of thought processes on the recognition and use of a business opportunity by an entrepreneur. This part also analyses the new paradigm of management sciences, i.e. neuroentrepreneurship. In this respect, the most important achievements of science in diagnosing the impact of neuronal impulses on the entrepreneurial process are presented.© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the KES International. Keywords: entrepreneurship | entrepreneur | neuroscience | neuroentrepreneurship |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Neuroscience and mental state issues in forensic assessment
علوم اعصاب و مسائل روانی در ارزیابی پزشکی قانونی-2019 Neuroscience has already changed how the law understands an individuals cognitive processes, how those processes shape behavior, and how bio-psychosocial history and neurodevelopmental approaches provide information, which is critical to understanding mental states underlying behavior, including criminal behavior. In this paper, we briefly review the state of forensic assessment of mental conditions in the relative culpability of criminal defendants, focused primarily on the weaknesses of current approaches. We then turn to focus on neuroscience approaches and how they have the potential to improve assessment, but with significant
risks and limitations. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Andreas Vesalius, the Predecessor of Neurosurgery: How his Progressive Scientific Achievements Affected his Professional Life and Destiny
آندریاس وسالیوس ، پیشینیان جراحی مغز و اعصاب: چگونه دستاوردهای علمی پیشرفته او بر زندگی و سرنوشت وی تأثیر گذاشت-2019 Andreas Vesalius, the father of modern anatomy and a predecessor of neuroscience,
was a distinguished medical scholar and Renaissance figure of the 16th
Century Scientific Revolution. He challenged traditional anatomy by applying
empirical methods of cadaveric dissection to the study of the human body. His
revolutionary book, De Humani Corporis Fabrica, established anatomy as a
scientific discipline that challenged conventional medical knowledge, but often
caused controversy. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain to
whom De Humani was dedicated, appointed Vesalius to his court. While in
Spain, Vesalius’ work antagonized the academic establishment, current medical
knowledge, and ecclesial authority. Consequently, his methods were unacceptable
to the academic and religious status quo, therefore, we believe that his
professional life—as well as his tragic death—was affected by the political
state of affairs that dominated 16th Century Europe. Ultimately, he went on a
pilgrimage to the Holy Land that jeopardized his life. While returning home, his
ship was driven ashore on the Greek island of Zakynthos (Zante) where he
became ill and suddenly died in 1564 at the age of 49. Vesalius’ ideas helped free
medicine from the limitations of the 16th Century and advanced scientific
knowledge. His influence is still felt more than 500 years later. In this article, we
acknowledge Vesalius’ neuroanatomic contributions and we discuss the historical
facts and political circumstances that influenced his scientific career
and personal life, emphasizing the conditions of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land
that led to his untimely death. Key words : 16th Century | Anatomy | Andreas Vesalius | Death | Neuroscience | Pilgrimage |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Using machine learning to explain the heterogeneity of schizophrenia: Realizing the promise and avoiding the hype
استفاده از یادگیری ماشین برای توضیح ناهمگونی اسکیزوفرنی: تحقق وعده و پرهیز از اعتیاد به مواد مخدر-2019 Despite extensive research and prodigious advances in neuroscience, our comprehension of the nature of schizophrenia
remains rudimentary.Our failure to make progress is attributed to the extremeheterogeneity of this condition,
enormous complexity of the human brain, limitations of extant research paradigms, and inadequacy of
traditional statistical methods to integrate or interpret increasingly large amounts of multidimensional information
relevant to unravelling brain function. Fortunately, the rapidly developing science of machine learning appears
to provide tools capable of addressing each of these impediments. Enthusiasm about the potential of
machine learning methods to break the current impasse is reflected in the steep increase in the number of scientific
publication about the application of machine learning to the study of schizophrenia. Machine learning approaches
are, however, poorly understood by schizophrenia researchers and clinicians alike. In this paper, we
provide a simple description of the nature and techniques of machine learning and their application to the
study of schizophrenia.We then summarize its potential and constraints with illustrations fromsix studies of machine
learning in schizophrenia and address some common misconceptions about machine learning.Wesuggest
some guidelines for researchers, readers, science editors and reviewers of the burgeoning machine learning literature
in schizophrenia. In order to realize its enormous promise,we suggest the need for the disciplined application
of machine learning methods to the study of schizophrenia with a clear recognition of its capability and
challenges accompanied by a concurrent effort to improve machine learning literacy among neuroscientists
and mental health professionals. Keywords: Machine learning | Schizophrenia | Methods | Research | Neuroscience | Computational psychiatry | -omics | Big data | Hype | Promise |
مقاله انگلیسی |