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نتیجه جستجو - علوم اعصاب

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 19
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Magic, Bayes and wows: A Bayesian account of magic tricks
جادو، بیز و واو: شرح بیزی از ترفندهای جادویی-2021
Magic tricks have enjoyed an increasing interest by scientists. However, most research in magic focused on isolated aspects of it and a conceptual understanding of magic, encompassing its distinct components and va- rieties, is missing. Here, we present an account of magic within the theory of Bayesian predictive coding. We present the “wow” effect of magic as an increase in surprise evoked by the prediction error between expected and observed data. We take into account prior knowledge of the observer, attention, and (mis-)direction of perception and beliefs by the magician to bias the observer’s predictions and present a simple example for the modelling of the evoked surprise. The role of misdirection is described as everything that aims to maximize the surprise a trick evokes by the generation of novel beliefs, the exploitation of background knowledge and attentional control of the incoming information. Understanding magic within Bayesian predictive coding allows unifying all aspects of magic tricks within one framework, making it tractable, comparable and unifiable with other models in psychology and neuroscience.
keywords: شعبده بازي | سورپرایز بیزی | برنامه نویسی پیش بینی شده | سوء تفاهم | توجه | Magic | Bayesian surprise | Predictive coding | Misdirection | Attention
مقاله انگلیسی
2 French magistrates perception of the introduction of neuroscientific data in expert reports: Effects on the assessment of the expert’s report and criminal case
تصور دادرسان فرانسوی از معرفی داده های علوم اعصاب در گزارش های کارشناسی : تأثیرات ارزیابی گزارش کارشناسی و پرونده جنایی-2020
Objective. – To analyze whether the judge’s perception of the quality, and scientific basis of a psychiatric expert report of a criminal defendant can vary according to whether or not this evaluation includes neuroscientific data (a written description of a structural neuroimaging MRI scan) and their effects on the decisions made by judges. Experimental psychology has demonstrated a number of cognitive effects arising from exposure to neuroscientific explanations and/or neuroimaging data and which may bias judgments and lead to (mis)interpretations that can affect decisions. This research suggests that including neuroscience evidence in an expert report may impact they way the report is assessed by nonspecialists, such as judges, whose work requires them to take into account such reports. Method. – We conducted a study on 41 French judges in order to determine whether their perceptions of the expert report (objectivity, reliability, scientific basis, quality, relevance, credibility, and persuasiveness) and their assessment of risk of recidivism, link between the disorder and offense and the influence of expert report on their decision-making, vary according to whether or not the evaluation includes neuroscientific data. The magistrates had to read a clinical case, summarizing an expertise, with or without neuroscientific data, and then answer various closed (criteria were evaluated using 7-point Likert-scales) and open-ended questions (asking respondents to indicate the reasons underlying their Likert-scale responses). Half of the magistrates received report containing neuroscientific data and the other half a similar report, without this type of data. Quantitative analyses were carried out to assess the effect of the sample’s characteristics on the responses given and to compare the results between the two conditions (correlation analyses and Student T). Qualitative analyses, terminological and thematic, were also carried out. Results. – Quantitative and qualitative results show that the presence of neuroscience data in an expert report affects judges’ perceptions of the report and the magistrates’ perceptions of the link between disorder and offense. The judges considered the expert report including neuroscientific data to be more relevant, more objective, better quality, and more reliable than the report without such data. Furthermore, they found the expert’s arguments to be more persuasive and that these arguments had a greater scientific basis when the report included neuroscientific data than when such data was absent. Moreover, this phenomenon was stronger in more experienced magistrates than in less experienced magistrates. The qualitative finding shows a greater ability to recognize shortcomings in expert reports when they do not contain neuroscience data. The Expert reports including neuroscience data are perceived as more scientific and objective. Conclusion. – The presence of neuroscience data in an expert report affects judges’ perceptions of that report. These effects may be related to cognitive biases described in the literature, in particular the perceived scientific nature of neuroscience data. If judges are aware of their limits when it comes to assessing technical data, they appear relatively unaware that scientific data can induce cognitive biases and thereby affect their perceptions of expert reports.
Keywords: Criminal liability | Evaluation | Justice decision | Magistrate | Neuroscience | Psychiatric expertise
مقاله انگلیسی
3 FPGA Realization of Fractional Order Neuron
تحقق FPGA نورون مرتبه فراکسیون-2020
In this paper fractional Hindmarsh Rose (HR) neuron, which mimics several behaviors of a real biological neuron is implemented on field programmable gate array (FPGA). The re- sults show several differences in the dynamic characteristics of integer and fractional order Hindmarsh Rose neuron models. The integer order model shows only one type of firing characteristics when the parameters of model remains same. The fractional order model depicts several dynamical behaviors even for the same parameters as the order of the fractional operator is varied. The firing frequency increases when the order of the frac- tional operator decreases. The fractional order is therefore key in determining the firing characteristics of biological neurons. To implement this neuron model first the digital re- alization of different fractional operator approximations are obtained, then the fractional integrator is used to obtain the low power and low cost hardware realization of fractional HR neuron. The fractional neuron model has been implemented on a low voltage and low power circuit and then compared with its integer counter part. The hardware is used to demonstrate the different dynamical behaviors of fractional HR neuron for different type of approximations obtained for fractional operator in this paper. A coupled network of frac- tional order HR neurons is also implemented. The results also show that synchronization between neurons increases as long as coupling factor keeps on increasing.
Keywords: Computational neuroscience | Fractional Hindmarsh Rose neuron (HR) | Fractional calculus | Fractional-operator | Field-programmable-gate-arrays (FPGA) | Synchronization
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Current limits of neurolaw: A brief overview
محدودیت های فعلی حقوق عصبشناختی : مروری کوتاه-2020
Nowadays, we are witnessing the increasing scholarly attention to neuroscience achievements in thecontext of the law. However, the complexity of the brain cognitive functions and the performance limitsof current neuroscience techniques for discovering the secrets of the brain on one hand, and the needfor neuro-litigation development with ethical-legal constraints, on the other hand, caused some limitsin ‘law and neuroscience’. What credit can be given to neuroscience today in full development? Canfunctional brain imaging have a place in criminal procedures to assess liability and dangerousness, forexample? We will consider the limits of the techniques as well as the possible progress of the legislationin this field. These questions justify the creation of a new interdisciplinary concept: Neurolaw or Lawapplied to neuroscience.
Keywords: Dangerousness | Law and neuroscience | Neurolaw limits | Functional magnetic resonance imaging | (fMRI)
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Using an AI creativity system to explore how aesthetic experiences are processed along the brain’s perceptual neural pathways
استفاده از یک سیستم خلاقیت هوش مصنوعی برای بررسی نحوه پردازش تجارب زیبایی شناختی در مسیرهای عصبی ادراکی مغز-2020
With the increased sophistication of AI techniques, the application of these systems has been expanding to ever newer fields. Increasingly, these systems are being used in modeling of human aesthetics and creativity, e.g. how humans create artworks and design products. Our lab has developed one such AI creativity deep learning system that can be used to create artworks in the form of images and videos. In this paper, we describe this system and its use in studying the human visual system and the formation of aesthetic experiences. Specifically, we show how time-based AI created media can be used to explore the nature of the dual-pathway neuro-architecture of the human visual system and how this relates to higher cognitive judgments such as aesthetic experiences that rely on these divergent information streams. We propose a theoretical framework for how the movement within percepts such as video clips, causes the engagement of reflexive attention and a subsequent focus on visual information that are primarily processed via the dorsal stream, thereby modulating aesthetic experiences that rely on information relayed via the ventral stream. We outline our recent study in support of our proposed framework, which serves as the first study that investigates the relationship between the two visual streams and aesthetic experiences.
Keywords: Neuroscience | Brain simulation | Artificial intelligence | Deep learning | Visual pathways | Neural pathways | Neuro-architecture | Aesthetics
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Review for Cognitive Systems Research of the book The Brain and AI, by authors Karl Schlagenhauf and Fanji Gu
مروری بر تحقیقات سیستمهای شناختی کتاب مغز و هوش مصنوعی ، توسط نویسندگان Karl Schlagenhauf و Fanji Gu-2020
The human brain is often considered the most complex system known. It has a fantastic capacity to learn and remember, to recognize patterns in space and time, solve problems of all kinds, innovate tools and machines, create beautiful art and science. Is it reasonable to believe that we, in a foreseeable future, will be able to understand all the wonders of our own brain, enough to be able to mimic it and build artificial brains and minds that correspond to or even surpass the capacity of the human origin? Can we seriously believe that we (soon, or ever) will be able to build robots that know of and can reflect upon their own existence? This review of the book, The Brain and AI, deals with such issues, but in a very special way. It is written as a fascinating dialogue between the two authors, Chinese scientist Fanji Gu and German engineer Karl Schlagenhauf, where they discuss the development of neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI) with a critical examination of given ‘‘truths” in these fields. The Brain and AI is indeed worth reading for many reasons, regardless if you are a student or researcher in any of the many fields of science discussed here (e.g. physics, computer science, neuroscience, cognitive science psychology, social science), or if you are just interested in the current and future development of brain research and artificial intelligence. The book is both educating and entertaining and can be strongly recommended.
Keywords: Review | Neuroscience | Artificial intelligence | Human Brain Project | Consciousness | Free Will
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Neuroentrepreneurship a new paradigm in the management science
کارآفرینی عصبی یک پارادایم جدید در علم مدیریت-2020
The primary objective of the paper is to present the essence of the new paradigm in the management science, which is neuroentrepreneurship. This objective determined the papers layout. In the first part, the theories of entrepreneurship are presented, including the context of research on entrepreneurship. In the second part, the techniques of cognitive neuroscience are described, which are used to determine the impact of thought processes on the recognition and use of a business opportunity by an entrepreneur. This part also analyses the new paradigm of management sciences, i.e. neuroentrepreneurship. In this respect, the most important achievements of science in diagnosing the impact of neuronal impulses on the entrepreneurial process are presented.© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the KES International.
Keywords: entrepreneurship | entrepreneur | neuroscience | neuroentrepreneurship
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Neuroscience and mental state issues in forensic assessment
علوم اعصاب و مسائل روانی در ارزیابی پزشکی قانونی-2019
Neuroscience has already changed how the law understands an individuals cognitive processes, how those processes shape behavior, and how bio-psychosocial history and neurodevelopmental approaches provide information, which is critical to understanding mental states underlying behavior, including criminal behavior. In this paper, we briefly review the state of forensic assessment of mental conditions in the relative culpability of criminal defendants, focused primarily on the weaknesses of current approaches. We then turn to focus on neuroscience approaches and how they have the potential to improve assessment, but with significant risks and limitations.
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Andreas Vesalius, the Predecessor of Neurosurgery: How his Progressive Scientific Achievements Affected his Professional Life and Destiny
آندریاس وسالیوس ، پیشینیان جراحی مغز و اعصاب: چگونه دستاوردهای علمی پیشرفته او بر زندگی و سرنوشت وی تأثیر گذاشت-2019
Andreas Vesalius, the father of modern anatomy and a predecessor of neuroscience, was a distinguished medical scholar and Renaissance figure of the 16th Century Scientific Revolution. He challenged traditional anatomy by applying empirical methods of cadaveric dissection to the study of the human body. His revolutionary book, De Humani Corporis Fabrica, established anatomy as a scientific discipline that challenged conventional medical knowledge, but often caused controversy. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain to whom De Humani was dedicated, appointed Vesalius to his court. While in Spain, Vesalius’ work antagonized the academic establishment, current medical knowledge, and ecclesial authority. Consequently, his methods were unacceptable to the academic and religious status quo, therefore, we believe that his professional life—as well as his tragic death—was affected by the political state of affairs that dominated 16th Century Europe. Ultimately, he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land that jeopardized his life. While returning home, his ship was driven ashore on the Greek island of Zakynthos (Zante) where he became ill and suddenly died in 1564 at the age of 49. Vesalius’ ideas helped free medicine from the limitations of the 16th Century and advanced scientific knowledge. His influence is still felt more than 500 years later. In this article, we acknowledge Vesalius’ neuroanatomic contributions and we discuss the historical facts and political circumstances that influenced his scientific career and personal life, emphasizing the conditions of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land that led to his untimely death.
Key words : 16th Century | Anatomy | Andreas Vesalius | Death | Neuroscience | Pilgrimage
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Using machine learning to explain the heterogeneity of schizophrenia: Realizing the promise and avoiding the hype
استفاده از یادگیری ماشین برای توضیح ناهمگونی اسکیزوفرنی: تحقق وعده و پرهیز از اعتیاد به مواد مخدر-2019
Despite extensive research and prodigious advances in neuroscience, our comprehension of the nature of schizophrenia remains rudimentary.Our failure to make progress is attributed to the extremeheterogeneity of this condition, enormous complexity of the human brain, limitations of extant research paradigms, and inadequacy of traditional statistical methods to integrate or interpret increasingly large amounts of multidimensional information relevant to unravelling brain function. Fortunately, the rapidly developing science of machine learning appears to provide tools capable of addressing each of these impediments. Enthusiasm about the potential of machine learning methods to break the current impasse is reflected in the steep increase in the number of scientific publication about the application of machine learning to the study of schizophrenia. Machine learning approaches are, however, poorly understood by schizophrenia researchers and clinicians alike. In this paper, we provide a simple description of the nature and techniques of machine learning and their application to the study of schizophrenia.We then summarize its potential and constraints with illustrations fromsix studies of machine learning in schizophrenia and address some common misconceptions about machine learning.Wesuggest some guidelines for researchers, readers, science editors and reviewers of the burgeoning machine learning literature in schizophrenia. In order to realize its enormous promise,we suggest the need for the disciplined application of machine learning methods to the study of schizophrenia with a clear recognition of its capability and challenges accompanied by a concurrent effort to improve machine learning literacy among neuroscientists and mental health professionals.
Keywords: Machine learning | Schizophrenia | Methods | Research | Neuroscience | Computational psychiatry | -omics | Big data | Hype | Promise
مقاله انگلیسی
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