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1 |
Multi-outsourcing supply chain coordination under yield and demand uncertainties
هماهنگی بین زنجیره تامین چند برون سپاری تحت عدم قطعیت عملکرد و تقاضا-2021 As a popular production mode, outsourcing enables the cost saving for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and the acquisition of advanced technology for contract manufacturer (CM). We consider a multi-outsourcing supply chain within the voluntary compliance regime. The game between one OEM facing uncertain demand and arbitrary CMs owning uncertain yields is modeled to study the interactions regarding lot-sizing decisions. A general method is developed to prove the concavity of profit functions, which is formidable to accomplish based on Hessian Matrix. The optimal ordering and production strategies are subsequently characterized. A revenue sharing with surplus purchase contract with great flexibility in parameter selection is proposed to coordinate the supply chain. We find that there exist threshold outsourcing prices beyond which the CMs are motivated to overproduce, otherwise they tend to produce in consistent with the orders. In a competitive market, price war is not a wise strategy for CM due to profit sacrifice. By contrast, if the selling price charged by the OEM is high, a smart CM can appropriately raise its outsourcing price because the order quantity difference among CMs is relatively small. Although supply stability improvement and outsourcing price reduction are both welcomed by the OEM, the latter is more important for it to consider in allocating orders. Keywords: Multiple sourcing | Supply chain management | Random yield | Newsvendor | Game theory |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Production and procurement strategies for seasonal product supply chain under yield uncertainty with commitment-option contracts
استراتژی های تولید و تهیه زنجیره تامین محصول فصلی تحت عدم اطمینان محصول با قراردادهای قرارداد تعهدی-2017 This paper develops a game-theoretic decision-making model of production and procurement with commit
ment-option contracts in a decentralized supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. The
manufacturer distributes one kind of seasonal product via the retailer to the end market, whose demand is
random, and the manufacturers production yield is stochastic. We study the retailers optimal ordering policy
and the manufacturers optimal production strategy under two different option contracts (that is, commitment
unidirectional call option contract and commitment-bidirectional option contract). The effects of demand
uncertainty, production yield stochastic volatility, instant procurement price variability, and the price
parameters’ changes of option contracts on the optimal operational strategies and performances of both
participants are also analyzed. These results will be helpful for the manufacturers and retailers in the supply
chain with seasonal products to make production scheduling strategy and procurement policy feasibly and
scientifically.
Keywords: Commitment-option contract | Random yield | Seasonal product |Supply chain |
مقاله انگلیسی |