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نتیجه جستجو - قربانی

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 41
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Improving learning in the management of gender violence: Educational impact of a training program with reflective analysis of dramatized video problems in postgraduate nurses
بهبود یادگیری در مدیریت خشونت جنسیتی:تأثیر آموزشی یک برنامه آموزشی با تجزیه و تحلیل بازتابنده مشکلات ویدئویی دراماتیک در پرستاران کارشناسی ارشد-2021
Background: Most gender-based violence victims who sought help in Spain did so through health services. Training on gender-based violence with active learning methodologies promotes the management of knowledge, reflection, and adaptation to change. Nurses, along with an educator, can construct knowledge with the same strategies they will use professionally. Purpose: To evaluate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes associated of postgraduate nurses on gender-based violence before and after a reflection-based training program with dramatized problem-videos. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the knowledge in the activation of protocols, skills, and attitudes in the management of women who are victims of gender-based violence, the consolidation of learning, and the applicability to the workplace. Methods: Pre-post quasi-experimental study without a control group. A specifically validated and designed in- strument was utilized to evaluate the dimensions of knowledge, skills, and attitudes when facing gender-based violence, before and after the training sessions, along with additional questions to assess if the participants possessed better tools to address gender-based violence. Results: The difference between the pre and post-tests was statistically significant for the dimensions knowledge, skills, and attitude (p < 0.05), with a smaller effect size in the dimensions skills and attitude. Also, high scores were observed in the consolidation of learning and applicability to the workplace. Conclusion: Reflection-based training with dramatized problem-videos improved the acquisition of tools neces- sary for the detection and management of gender-based violence of nurses.
keywords: پرستاری آموزش و پرورش | خشونت بر اساس جنسیت | یادگیری فعال | یادگیری آنلاین | ارزیابی کمی | Education nursing | Gender-based violence | Active learning | Online learning | Quantitative evaluation
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Recovery & identification of human Y-STR DNA from immatures of chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Simulation of sexual crime investigation involving victim corpse in state of decay
ترمیم و شناسایی DNA Y-STR انسانی از ناخالصی های کریسومیا آلبیسپس (Diptera: Calliphoridae). شبیه سازی تحقیقات مربوط به جرم و جنایات مربوط به جسد قربانی در حالت پوسیدگی-2020
The number of sexual crimes in Brazil, as in several other countries, is very high. In many of these crimes the women raped are murdered and their bodies are found days later, in an advanced state of decomposition, with intense cadaverous fauna. Forensic Entomology studies insects and other arthropods that can be used in the expert analysis of various types of crimes. Diptera, the order of insects that comprises the two-winged or true flies, represents one of the largest known groups of insects and is the principal source of cadaveric entomofauna. Members of its Calliphoridae family are observed in cadavers in all phases of decomposition. The retrieval and identification of human Y-STR DNA from the gastrointestinal tract of Calliphoridae species Chrysomya albiceps maggots and pupae can provide a good tool for the gathering of evidence in sexual crime investigations involving rape and death, in which the abandoned victims body is found in a putrefied state. In this study, the animal model used was a female pig, Sus scrofa, which was sacrificed in a forested area with three shots from a 0.40 calibre Taurus pistol, and inoculated with semen to its anal and vaginal regions, simulating rape and homicide. During decomposition, 20–80 maggots were collected every 24 h and preserved in 70 % alcohol, totalling 289 maggots and 157 pupae (446 immatures) over a period of 14 days (336 h) of decomposition. Each maggot was then dissected for removal of the digestive tract, which was placed in extraction buffer. The molecular phase proceeded with extraction, quantification, amplification and capillary electrophoresis of samples, testing 16 STR loci of the Y chromosome. It was possible to establish a partial Y-STR DNA profile, with the amplification of up to eight sites, by considering a combination of the samples taken at hours 144 h, 168 h, 192 h, 216 h, 240 h, 288 h, 312 h and 336 h..
Keywords: Forensic entomology | Forensic genetics | Sex crimes | Rape | Murder | Criminal profiling
مقاله انگلیسی
3 A socio-legal deconstruction of homicide victims and perpetrators: Israeli femicide case law
ساختارشکنی اجتماعی و قانونی قربانیان قتل و عاملان: قانون پرونده قتل در اسرائیل-2020
This interpretive paper explores the ways in which criminal law is applied to femicide victims and perpetrators and how it socially constructs and legitimizes genderbased violence in the form of femicide (the killing of a woman), when applying the doctrine of provocation. In doing so the paper discusses the socio-cultural underpinnings of the criminal legal mitigation available for defendants who claim to have killed their wives while being provoked. Conceptualizing the critical deconstruction within gendered socio-cultural predispositions and ensuing criminal legal doctrine and social norms, the paper demonstrates the ways in which Israeli social norms, attitudes and beliefs towards sexual jealousy, matrimony, loss of control, morality, gender and homicide – are entangled and intertwined in the structure and function of Israeli criminal law. The paper offers a critical analysis of the underlying discriminating gendered basic assumptions that structure current Israeli application of the doctrine of provocation and the way in which such a socio-legal structure constructs the Israeli ‘unfaithful’ woman, and her corresponding ‘reasonable’, and ‘normative’, so to speak, killer. Such men are considered less morally guilty when they kill ‘unfaithful’ women, consequently awarded lenient convictions and sentences. At the same time, Israeli women are blamed for morally instigating and provoking their own killing – thus precipitating their gruesome, premature and undue death. As the Israeli criminal legal structure is deeply rooted in English common law, its substantive criminal doctrine of provocation is widely shared by many countries. In this respect the papers exploration of Israeli criminal doctrine of provocation may provide a significant contribution to socio-legal discourse in many other countries with legal structures similarly steeped in English common law.
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Association of childhood blood lead levels with firearm violence perpetration and victimization in Milwaukee
انجمن سطح سرب خون در كودكان با خشونت سلاح گرم و قربانی شدن در میلواکی-2020
Childhood lead exposure impairs future decision-making and may influence criminal behavior, but its role in future firearm violence is unclear. Using public health, education, and criminal justice datasets linked at the individual level, we studied a population-based cohort of all persons born between June 1, 1986 and December 31, 2003 with a valid blood lead test before age 6 years and stable Milwaukee residency (n=89,129). We estimated associations with firearm violence perpetration (n=553) and victimization (n=983) using logistic regression, adjusting for temporal trends, child sex, race, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Increasing risks for firearm violence perpetration and victimization were found in each higher category of blood lead compared to the lowest, after adjusting for confounding. For perpetration, risk ratios (RR) for increasing comparisons of mean blood lead in categories of ≥5 < 10, ≥10 < 20, and ≥20 μg/dL compared to persons with mean blood lead < 5 μg/dL, were: RR 2.3 (95% CI 1.6, 3.3), RR 2.5 (95% CI 1.7, 3.9), and RR 2.8 (95% CI 1.8, 4.4). For victimization, the same increasing categoric comparisons were: RR 1.8 (95% CI 1.4, 2.3), RR 2.4 (95% CI 1.8, 3.2), RR 3.3 (95% CI 2.4, 4.5). The proportion of firearm violence attributable to blood lead ≥5 μg/dL was 56% for perpetration and 51% for victimization. In Milwaukee, during a period of high lead exposures, childhood levels may have substantially contributed to adult firearm violence. While we cannot definitively conclude causality, the possibility that over half of firearm violence among this sample might be due to lead exposure suggests the potential importance of lead exposure reduction in firearm violence prevention efforts.
Keywords: Lead exposure | Firearm violence perpetration | Firearm violence victimization | Blood lead
مقاله انگلیسی
5 A socio-legal deconstruction of homicide victims and perpetrators: Israeli femicide case law
ساختارشکنی حقوقی اجتماعی قربانیان و مرتکبان قتل: دادرسی اسرائیلی در زمینه قتل-2020
This interpretive paper explores the ways in which criminal law is applied to femicide victims and perpetrators and how it socially constructs and legitimizes genderbased violence in the form of femicide (the killing of a woman), when applying the doctrine of provocation. In doing so the paper discusses the socio-cultural underpinnings of the criminal legal mitigation available for defendants who claim to have killed their wives while being provoked. Conceptualizing the critical deconstruction within gendered socio-cultural predispositions and ensuing criminal legal doctrine and social norms, the paper demonstrates the ways in which Israeli social norms, attitudes and beliefs towards sexual jealousy, matrimony, loss of control, morality, gender and homicide – are entangled and intertwined in the structure and function of Israeli criminal law. The paper offers a critical analysis of the underlying discriminating gendered basic assumptions that structure current Israeli application of the doctrine of provocation and the way in which such a socio-legal structure constructs the Israeli ‘unfaithful’ woman, and her corresponding ‘reasonable’, and ‘normative’, so to speak, killer. Such men are considered less morally guilty when they kill ‘unfaithful’ women, consequently awarded lenient convictions and sentences. At the same time, Israeli women are blamed for morally instigating and provoking their own killing – thus precipitating their gruesome, premature and undue death. As the Israeli criminal legal structure is deeply rooted in English common law, its substantive criminal doctrine of provocation is widely shared by many countries. In this respect the papers exploration of Israeli criminal doctrine of provocation may provide a significant contribution to socio-legal discourse in many other countries with legal structures similarly steeped in English common law.
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Do developmental changes in impulsivity and sensation seeking uniquely predict violent victimization? A test of the dual systems model
آیا تغییرات رشدی در انگیزش و احساس به دنبال منحصر به فرد بودن قربانی خشونت آمیز هستند؟ آزمایشی از مدل سیستم های دوتایی-2020
Purpose: Previous research has revealed that variation in levels of self-control is associated with violent victimization. Absent from this line of research is an evaluation of whether unique components of self-control, reflective of the dual-systems model, are uniquely associated with violent victimization from adolescence through young adulthood. Methods: The current study analyzed longitudinal data from a population-based sample of youth to assess bidirectional associations among impulsivity, sensation seeking, and violent criminal victimization from ages 16 to 23. Latent growth curve models were estimated to examine developmental trajectories of impulsivity and sensation seeking. Autoregressive cross-lagged models were used to assess the direction of effects between variables over time. Results: Evidence for the dual systems model of self-control was found with impulsivity and sensation seeking developing at different rates from adolescence into young adulthood. Changes in impulsivity were positively associated with changes in violent criminal victimization from adolescence through young adulthood. However, changes in sensation seeking were not associated with changes in victimization. Conclusions: Findings from the current study provide further evidence for the dual systems model of self-control and suggest that impulsivity may be a more potent risk factor for violent criminal victimization than sensation seeking.
Keywords: Impulsivity | Sensation seeking | Victimization | Dual systems model | Low self-control
مقاله انگلیسی
7 A content analysis of pedophile manuals
تجزیه و تحلیل محتوای کتابچه های راهنمای pedophile -2020
Of great concern is the existence of instructional manuals circulating online that provide pedophiles with guidance on how to sexually abuse children. To better understand the role this material may play in the exploitation of children, the United States Marshals Service‟s Behavioral Analysis Unit conducted a qualitative analysis on the content of all known pedophile manuals. From the cumulative content of these manuals we derived a model of victim selection and identified specific strategies used by this population to harm children. The manuals reveal that while external situational factors are given consideration during victim selection, the internal vulnerabilities of the victim are emphasized for active exploitation. The graphic content found within the documents and the ability to obtain these manuals anonymously exacerbate the danger these manuals pose by reinforcing cognitive distortions, fostering networking opportunities, and normalizing the sexual abuse of children. The “education” provided in the manuals may also bolster pedophilic identification as well as increase criminal efficacy. In the current paper we present important insights we obtained about the mentality and methodologies of pedophiles and other individuals interested in sexually exploiting children.
Keywords: pedophilia | manual | victim selection | distortions | sex offender | grooming | child exploitation
مقاله انگلیسی
8 End-of-life medical decision-making for children in custody: A collaborative, multi-stakeholder practical approach
تصمیم گیری پایان عمر پزشکی برای کودکان در بازداشت: یک رویکرد عملی مشترک چند جانبه-2020
Background: Parents have a constitutionally-protected, fundamental right to make decisions concerning the health and well-being of their children, afforded by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, parental rights are not absolute, and may be curtailed after a finding of parental “unfitness” including perpetration of egregious child abuse/neglect. Court intervention may be necessary to assert “parens patriae” authority to protect a child’s well-being. Disagreements over medical care for a child (particularly when parent maltreatment resulted in life-altering clinical conditions and parents are suspected of perpetrating abusive injuries) often pose conflicts of interest. End-of-life decision-making involving abuse perpetrators may be influenced by self-interest, due to potential for escalation of criminal charges. Objective: Discuss medico-legal decision-making for children in child welfare custody using a detailed case example involving a child near-fatally, abusively injured by his parents; review of relevant case law/national legal precedents; and clinical policy statements guiding end-of-life decision-making for pediatric patients. Participants/setting/methods: Using an exploratory, quasi-qualitative approach, perceived experiences of purposefully-selected taskforce members identified key themes that informed a care de-escalation protocol, implemented across the state. Results: Key themes included coordinated communication, expedited legal proceedings, and balancing child’s best interest (the right not to suffer for a prolonged period of time or sustain complications) with parents’ rights and due process concerns, and informed protocol development. Conclusions: Practicable guidance established in the protocol can be theoretically adapted at the local level to address the complexity inherent in end-of-life decision-making for children in custody
Keywords: Child abuse and neglect | End-of-life decision-making | Care de-escalation | Multidisciplinary team | Abuse perpetration | Child abuse victimization | parens patriae
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Prevalence of mental disorders among all justice-involved: A populationlevel study in Canada
شیوع اختلالات روانی در بین کلیه افراد مرتبط با عدالت: یک مطالعه عاملی در کانادا-2020
More than 10 million people are imprisoned around the world, with many more who encounter the justice system. However, most studies examining the mental health burden in the justice system have examined only incarcerated individuals, with few looking at both criminal offending and victimization at the population-level. This study aimed to describe the population-level prevalence of mental disorders among the entirety of justiceinvolved individuals in a Canadian sample. The study was conducted using linked health and justice administrative data for all residents of Manitoba, Canada ages 18–64 between April 1, 2007 and March 31, 2012. All justice involvement (crime accusations and victimizations) and inpatient and outpatient mental disorder diagnoses (mood/anxiety, substance use, psychotic, personality disorders and suicidal behavior) were retrieved. Five-year age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of mental disorders and suicidal behaviour among those with any crime accusation and any victimization were compared to the general population of Manitoba. The study found that age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of any mental disorder was significantly higher among both adults accused of a crime and those victimized (38.9% and 38.6%, respectively) compared to the general population (26.1%). Rate ratios for specific mental disorders and suicidal behaviour were 1.4–3.6 among those accused of a crime, and 1.4–3.7 among those who were victims, compared to the general population. These findings highlight the need for urgent and expanded attention to this intersection of vulnerability. Victimization is especially an area of justice-related health that requires more attention.
Keywords: Justice system | Victim | Administrative data | Mental disorders
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Changes in crime-related factors and subjective well-being over time and their mutual relationship
تغییرات در عوامل مرتبط با جرم و رفاه ذهنی در طول زمان و رابطه متقابل آنها-2020
Recently, there has been growing interest in crime-related determinants of subjective well-being (SWB). The existing findings are, however, rather contradictory. The relationship between the aforementioned phenomena is most often examined using cross-sectional data, although it seems their development over time might be interlinked. Moreover, only limited attempts have been made to address the multidimensionality of SWB. Using a pseudo-panel analysis of eight bi-annual waves of the European Social Survey (ESS) consisting of 24 European countries, we examined the relationship between changes in two SWB dimensions–life satisfaction and happiness–and crime- related factors, i.e. victimization experience and feeling of safety, over time. The data showed that both victimization and feeling of safety are important determinants of SWB, although different patterns in the relationship between SWB dimensions and the crime-related factors were revealed.
Keywords: Subjective well-being | Life satisfaction | Happiness | Victimization | Feeling of safety | ESS
مقاله انگلیسی
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