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Linking standard Economic Account for Forestry and ecosystem accounting: Total forest incomes and environmental assets in publicly-owned conifer farms in Andalusia-Spain
پیوند حساب استاندارد اقتصادی برای حسابداری جنگلداری و اکوسیستم: کل درآمد جنگل ها و دارایی های محیطی در مزارع عمومی متعلق به مالکیت در اندلس اسپانیا-2021 A major problem faced by government as trustee of society charged with conserving the nation’s forest envi-
ronmental asset is that the standard Economic Account for Forestry (EAF) fails to measure the contribution of
nature to total forest incomes and environmental assets. In the context of this government mission, the debate
arises with regard to how to uncover the contribution of nature to the total forest incomes enjoyed by people
through a refined accounting framework which extends the EAF. The latter is applied by the statistics office to
estimate the values added of timber, firewood, cork, resin, industrial nut and other non-woody final products of
the forest at national/sub-national scale. Bearing in mind this narrow scope of the EAF, this research proposes the
application of the experimental Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), which extends the forest incomes and
environmental asset estimates by applying simulated exchange values stated/revealed by consumers for non-
market public goods and services. We apply the EAF and AAS frameworks to 12 large publicly-owned pro-
tected conifer forest farms which are not available for sale on the competitive land market and which cover an
area of 47,262 ha in Andalusia-Spain. In this conifer farm case study, the EAF considers the economic activities of
timber, firewood, aromatic plants and residential service. The AAS adds to the EAF activities those of grazing,
conservation forestry, hunting, livestock, agricultural crops, livestock-keeper private amenity, fire services, free
access recreation, mushrooms, carbon, landscape conservation, threatened wild biodiversity and water supply
runoff stored lower down the watershed in public reservoirs. The objectives of this conifer farm case study are,
first, to compare the final products and incomes estimated by applying the EAF and AAS frameworks and, second,
to measure the sensitivity of conifer farm environmental assets to changes in land ownership rights and dis-
counting rates in accordance with the AAS results. The conifer farm results show total income measured by the
AAS is 38 times higher than the EAF net value added (NVA) for the 2010 period. The AAS economic activities of
forestry conservation, fire services and landscape conservation activities generate 71% of the conifer farm labour
compensation. The AAS opening environmental asset measured at the assumed competitive real baseline dis-
counting rate of 3% is 6371.6 €/ha, which is 3.7 times lower than it would be if the conifer farm was available for
sale on the competitive land market. The change in the baseline discounting rate chosen, from 3% to 1.5%, would
lead to an increase of 116% in the value of the opening environmental asset. The above results reveal the
inconsistent EAF measurement of total conifer farm incomes. The sensitivity analysis underlines the important
effects on the environmental asset arising from changes in land ownership rights and discounting rates. keywords: حساب اقتصادی برای جنگلداری | سیستم حساب های ملی | سیستم حسابداری جنگلداری | خدمات محیط زیستی | درآمد زیست محیطی | Economic account for forestry | System of national accounts | Agroforestry accounting system | Ecosystem services | Environmental income |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Pricing and free periodic maintenance service decisions for an electric-and-fuel automotive supply chain using the total cost of ownership
قیمت گذاری و تصمیمات خدمات تعمیر و نگهداری دوره ای رایگان برای یک زنجیره تامین خودروی الکتریکی و سوختی با استفاده از کل هزینه مالکیت-2021 Although subsidies have had significant impacts on the electric vehicle (EV) market share, many governments have planned to eliminate subsidies. There is a concern that unsubsidized EVs reduce the EV market share, significantly. However, purchasing an EV instead of a fuel vehicle (FV) might impose a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) on customers, depending on their vehicle usage. In this case, supply chains could optimize their decisions considering which vehicle is affordable for each customer class from the view of TCO. This study investigates optimal pricing and free periodic maintenance service (FPMS) decisions in a two-stage electric-and- fuel automotive supply chain, considering TCO to estimate vehicle market shares under customer classification with different vehicle usage patterns. Two bi-level models are developed and solved through Karush-Kuhn- Tucker equations and a reformulation-and-decomposition algorithm. Sensitivity analyses are performed considering various scenarios on energy prices and ownership periods. Results indicate that the high-usage customers are more likely to purchase an EV if the ownership period is the same for all classes. However, if low-usage customers keep the vehicle for a longer period than the others, they are more likely to purchase an EV. Both providing FPMSs by the manufacturer instead of the retailer and increasing the fuel price over time with a higher rate, compared with the electricity price and the inflation rate, improve the EV market share and reduce the total fuel consumption and emissions. Investment to produce EVs is not economical for a high price of electricity while having low fuel prices. Keywords: Electric vehicles | Total cost of ownership | Automotive supply chain | Pricing decision | Bi-level programming | Decomposition algorithm |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Factors that account for the wealth inequality differences between post-socialist countries
عوامل موثر بر تفاوت های نابرابری ثروت بین کشورهای پس از سوسیالیستی-2021 In general, there are significant cross-country differences in wealth inequality. Recent research has documented
that household socio-economic characteristics do not explain these differences across advanced economies. Thus,
this study is the first to examine the determinants of such disparities in wealth inequality between five postsocialist emerging markets of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Based on the findings, the differences in
homeownership rates accounted for up to 42% of the cross-country disparities in wealth inequality (when
measured with the Gini index) and for as much as 63%–109% of wealth inequalities in the bottom part of the
distribution. However, our results are not sensitive to the significant underestimation of top wealth values
observed in household survey data. We argue that the differences in homeownership rates among the CEE
countries are related, among others, to varying government support for mortgage loans before the global financial
crisis (2003–2007) and the degree of government help for indebted households after the crisis.
keywords: نابرابری ثروت | تجزیه | مرکزی و شرقی اروپا (CEE) | مالکیت خانه | گمشده غنی | Wealth inequality | Decomposition | Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) | Homeownership | Missing rich |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Micro-foundational dimensions of firm internationalisation as determinants of knowledge management strategy: A case for global strategic partnerships
ابعاد خرد بین المللی سازی شرکت به عنوان عوامل تعیین کننده استراتژی مدیریت دانش: موردی برای مشارکت های استراتژیک جهانی-2021 Innovation is a critical source of competitive advantage in an increasingly changing and globalising environment,
thus, knowledge management lies at the core of a firm’s global business strategy. This paper investigates the
relationship between micro-foundational dimensions of firm internationalisation and its knowledge management
strategy in the emerging economies, which have been found more efficient in converting technology into socio-
economic impact. We specifically look at the technology acquisition modes which are operationalised into three
categories: internal development, global strategic partnership, and outsourcing. Results from the analysis of
World Bank data collected from manufacturing firms operating in emerging economies show that specific micro-
foundational dimensions such as the share of foreign employees, level of foreign input and foreign sales have a
significant impact on the choice of technology acquisition mode by a firm; whereas the level of foreign ownership
does not have such an effect. keywords: پایه های میکرو | مشارکت جهانی استراتژیک | بین المللی شدن | استراتژی مدیریت دانش | کسب فناوری | بازارهای نوظهور | تاثیر اجتماعی و اقتصادی | Micro-foundations | Global strategic partnership | Internationalisation | Knowledge management strategy | Technology acquisition | Emerging markets | Socio-economic impact |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Experts’ multiple criteria evaluations of fuel management options to reduce wildfire susceptibility: The role of closer knowledge of the local socioeconomic context
ارزیابی معیارهای چندگانه کارشناسان گزینه های مدیریت سوخت برای کاهش حساسیت به آتش سوزی:نقش دانش دقیق تر از زمینه اجتماعی-اقتصادی محلی-2021 Expert opinion can be a valuable tool for informed decision making. Concerning wildfire susceptibility reduction
at the landscape scale, forest ecosystem experts play a key role in offering advice about appropriate fuel man-
agement practices to be applied by forest owners or their organizations, and in shaping public policies. A
literature review aimed at identifying fuel management interventions and techniques found multiple and even
opposing strategies. Recognizing the interdisciplinary and multi-dimensional nature of fuel management, we go
beyond existing studies on forest experts’ opinions by comparing evaluations across forest experts with diverse
training and experience, and by considering different evaluation criteria such as technical effectiveness, impact
on soil or biodiversity, socioeconomic impact, and preference. Following an online survey to a sample of Por-
tuguese experts, distinct socio-professional clusters were established and experts’ evaluations associated with
their views on fire, forests, owners’ coordination, and rural development. Results show that experts rank their
preferences by weighing effectiveness and impacts in different ways. Closer knowledge of the local context
distinguishes expert preference, favouring more active fuels reduction strategies. Since experts with a closer
knowledge of socioeconomic context tend to be further from policy-making processes, we urge their more
balanced participation in those processes. keywords: مدیریت منظره | کاهش حساسیت وحشی | مدیریت چند مالکیت | جنگلداری کوچک | تظاهرات کارشناس | Landscape management | Wildfire susceptibility reduction | Multi-ownership management | Small-scale forestry | Expert elicitation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Inherent laws between tetrahedral arrangement pattern and optical performance in tetrahedron-based mid-infrared nonlinear optical materials
قوانین ذاتی بین الگوی چیدمان چهار ضلعی و عملکرد نوری در مواد نوری غیر خطی مادون قرمز مبتنی بر تتراهدرن-2020 Mid-infrared (MIR) nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals are commonly used as the core devices for all-solidstate
MIR lasers which play a key role in many military and civilian areas. The discovery of new MIR NLO
crystals with great performance is vital for the development of relevant scientific and technology fields.
In this work, we focus on the tetrahedron-based MIR NLO compounds with the chemical formula of AM-
Q (A = alkali or alkaline earth metal cations except Li; M = tetra-coordinated cations; Q = S, Se, Te, P, F,
Cl, Br, I), whose structural frameworks are constructed by [MQ4] tetrahedral units. These materials have
attracted great attention since almost all existing MIR NLO materials with the practical application prospects
belong to this category. Systematic understanding of these tetrahedron-based compounds will contribute
a lot to the design and preparation of novel well-performed MIR NLO crystals. We comprehensively
reviewed the reported tetrahedron-based compounds A-M-Q for the first time and revealed the inherent
laws among A/M ratio, arrangement pattern of tetrahedral units and NLO performance in these compounds. Keywords: Mid-infrared NLO materials | Tetrahedron-based compounds | Tetrahedral arrangement pattern | Structure-property relationship | Optical performance |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
To what extent do young innovative companies take advantage of policy support to enact innovation appropriation mechanisms?
شرکت های نوآور جوان تا چه اندازه از مزایای سیاست برای استفاده از سازوکارهای اختصاصی نوآوری بهره می گیرند؟-2020 Innovative entrepreneurship is at the heart of economic development in all modern economic systems. However, we observe in several developed countries - especially Europe - a languishing in the capacity to foster creative destruction (i.e. Schumpeter Mark 1, SM1) dynamics and to create young innovative companies (YICs), capable to establish themselves as leaders in markets or become successful innovators. One key issue that is often ad- vocated in this respect is the deficit suffered from YICs in fully protecting their innovations and appropriating (at least in part) returns from them. The usage of formal (e.g., intellectual property rights) and informal (e.g., secrecy, lead time, access to complementary assets) instruments to protect intellectual property assets has the potential to overcome this difficulty. Different types of policy mechanisms have been put in place to help YICs. However, high implicit and explicit costs and barriers prevent YICs’ use of protection strategies, limiting the ability to generate SM1 dynamics or accessing market for ideas, even upon policy support. By relying on the resource-based view of the firm, our paper investigates to what extent a comprehensive set of policy measures recently introduced in the Italian context and focused on alleviating the hurdles suffered by YICs is associated with the choice of YICs to protect their innovations. The econometric analyses based on more than 1,600 Italian YICs show how the use of financial policy measures are associated to both formal and informal instruments, while labour policy measures are only related to formal ones. Keywords: Entrepreneurship policy | Institutional reform | Young innovative companies | Intellectual property rights | Appropriation mechanisms |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Judicial institutions of property rights protection and foreign direct investment inflows
نهادهای قضایی حمایت از حقوق مالکیت و ورود سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی-2020 Despite a growing consensus that host country institutions affect the spatial distribution of foreign direct
investment, there is a debate about which institutions drive this relationship. This study contributes
to this debate by examining the relationship between foreign direct investment net inflows and three
judicial institutions of property rights protection: judicial contract enforcement, judicial independence,
and judicial impartiality. I evaluate this relationship by applying the system-GMM estimation approach
to a sample of 150 countries covering the period 2000–16. I find robust evidence of positive relationships
between FDI net inflows and both judicial independence and judicial impartiality. On the other hand,
judicial contract enforcement appears to be weakly related to FDI net inflows. The results are robust to
alternative specifications and estimation methods, including the instrumental variables approach. While
the findings of this study reinforce the notion that host country institutions matter for foreign direct
investment, they, more importantly, underscore the merits of unbundling institutions to understand
their impact on multinational firm activity.
Keywords: Judicial contract enforcement | Judicial independence | Judicial impartiality | Foreign direct investment | Multinational enterprises | System-GMM estimation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
How does liability affect prices? Railroad sparks and timber
بدهی چگونه بر قیمت ها تأثیر می گذارد؟ جرقه و چوب راه آهن-2020 This paper analyzes how judicially-determined liability assignments affect valuations and prices. On two
occasions in 2007, a railway company caused a fire to break out in the State of Washington. The two fires
burned down some of the neighboring properties’ timber. These two incidents led to two companion
court cases that made it all the way to the Washington Supreme Court. The court rulings, both made on
May 31, 2012, held that the railway company was not liable for timber damages under Washington’s
timber trespass statute, despite having acted negligently. As a consequence of these decisions, economic
theory predicts a decrease in the value of timber in those areas associated with higher risk of fire, and
an increase in the value of Washington railway companies. Using a triple difference model and an event
study, we test and find evidence supporting this prediction.
Keywords: Liability | Property rights | Law and economics | Event study |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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شناسایی و مدیریت سوء تغذیه در بیماران بستری: بررسی دانش و نگرش کارکنان
سال انتشار: 2020 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 11 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 21 زمينه و هدف: سوء تغذيه موجب كاهش عملكرد و پيامدهاي باليني ناچیز در بيماران بستري می شود. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی دانش کارکنان بالینی در مورد شناسایی و مدیریت سوء تغذیه، ارزیابی نگرش و دانش سوء تغذیه به صورت مسئولیت مشترک بین رشته¬ای انجام شده است.
مواد و روشها: اين مطالعه به منظور توزیع کارکنان باليني (پزشكي ، پرستاري ، رژيم غذايي و بهداشت) در سه دانشگاه بيمارستاني از جمله مكان هاي حاد، کمی حاد و توانبخشي انجام شد. نتایج: نتایج حاصل از نظرسنجي 14٪ كاركنان باليني واجد شرايط (116 پرستار ، 68 پزشك ، 20 متخصص تغذيه و 98 نفر از كاركنان بهداشت) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. به استثنای متخصصین رژیم غذایی ، پاسخ به سؤالات مربوط به مهارت و دانش در زمینه های شناسایی سوء تغذیه ، تشخیص ، درمان و مدیریت ، کمتر از حد مطلوب بود. تنها پاسخ 60٪ از كاركنان پزشكي / جراحي و 42٪ از كاركنان پرستاري توانایی خود را در تشخيص سوء تغذيه گزارش كرده اند. پاسخ به سوالات مربوط به مسئولیت سوء تغذیه بسیار متغیر بود و هیچ کسی "مالکیت مشترک" سوء تغذیه را در مسئولیت بالینی پیشنهاد نکرد. نتيجه گيري: به غير از متخصصان رژيم غذايي ، مهارت هاي مديريت سوء تغذيه متوسط بود و شکاف دانش در کارمندان باليني دیده شد. در مورد مسئولیت مراقبت از سوء تغذیه بیماران بستری نوعی سردرگمی نیز وجود داشت. برای بهبود تغذیه بیماران بستری ممکن است نیاز به درگیر شدن بیش از حد چند رشته و آموزش بهبود یافته باشد. واژههای کلیدی: سوء تغذیه | تیم بین رشته ای | دانش | نگرش ریسک | بیماران بستری (بستری) |
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