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Adaptive finite element eye model for the compensation of biometric influences on acoustic tonometry
مدل چشم اجزای محدود تطبیقی برای جبران تأثیرات بیومتریک بر تونومتری آکوستیک-2021 Background and objective: Glaucoma is currently a major cause for irreversible blindness worldwide. A
risk factor and the only therapeutic control parameter is the intraocular pressure (IOP). The IOP is determined with tonometers, whose measurements are inevitably influenced by the geometry of the eye. Even
though the corneal mechanics have been investigated to improve accuracy of Goldmann and air pulse
tonometry, influences of geometric properties of the eye on an acoustic self-tonometer approach are still
unresolved.
Methods: In order to understand and compensate for measurement deviations resulting from the geometric uniqueness of eyes, a finite element eye model is designed that considers all relevant eye components and is adjustable to all physiological shapes of the human eye. Results: The general IOP-dependent behavior of the eye model is validated by laboratory measurements on porcine eyes. The difference between simulation and measurement is below 8 μm for IOP levels from 5 to 40 mmHg. The adaptive eye model is then used to quantify systematic uncertainty contributions of a variation of eye length and central corneal thickness based on input statistics of a clinical trial series. The adaptive eye model provides the required relation between biometric eye parameters and the corneal deflection amplitude, which here is the measured quantity to trace back to the IOP. Implementing the relations provided by the eye model in a Gaussian uncertainty propagation calculation now allows the quantification of the uncertainty contributions of the biometric parameters on the overall measurement uncertainty of the acoustic self-tonometer. As a result, a systematic uncertainty contribution resulting from deviations in eye length dominate stochastic deviations of the sensor equipment by a factor of 3.5. Conclusion: As perspective, the proposed adaptive eye model provides the basis to compensate for systematic deviations of (but not only) the acoustic self-tonometer. Keywords: Corneal vibration | Transient simulation | FEM | Eye model | Intraocular pressure | Glaucoma |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Factors that Influence the Tourism Industrys Carbon Emissions: a Tourism Area Life Cycle Model Perspective
عواملی که انتشار کربن صنعت گردشگری را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد: مدل چشم انداز چرخه زندگی یک منطقه گردشگری-2017 This study proposed a factor decomposition model for analyzing carbon emissions in energy consumption of the
tourism industry from the perspective of tourism area life cycle. The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest
Area (WSHIA) was chosen as the study area for the analysis of the influencing factors on carbon emissions for the
tourism industry over the different stages of its life cycle. The research results showed that growth in the scale of
tourists and the scale of tourism output both result in the rapid growth of carbon emissions; the constant de
crease in energy intensity helped inhibit carbon emissions from the stage of exploration to the stage of con
solidation. However, the scale effects of tourists and the energy intensity had become the important positive
factors to the growth of carbon emission, while the effects of energy structure and output scale on the growth of
carbon emission had become negative factors. The inhibition of the growth of carbon emissions from optimizing
the industrial structure was rapidly weakening at the stage of transformation and upgrading. Designers of policy
on energy-saving and emission-reduction should focus on the differential measures, according to different in
fluencing factors that affect carbon emissions at different life cycle stages.
Keywords: carbon emission | tourism destination | tourism area life cycle model | green and low-carbon development | the Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest | Area |
مقاله انگلیسی |