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1 Data Mining Strategies for Real-Time Control in New York City
استراتژی داده کاوی برای کنترل زمان واقعی در شهر نیویورک-2105
The Data Mining System (DMS) at New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) mainly consists of four database systems for traffic and pedestrian/bicycle volumes, crash data, and signal timing plans as well as the Midtown in Motion (MIM) systems which are used as part of the NYCDOT Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) infrastructure. These database and control systems are operated by different units at NYCDOT as an independent database or operation system. New York City experiences heavy traffic volumes, pedestrians and cyclists in each Central Business District (CBD) area and along key arterial systems. There are consistent and urgent needs in New York City for real-time control to improve mobility and safety for all users of the street networks, and to provide a timely response and management of random incidents. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated DMS for effective real-time control and active transportation management (ATM) in New York City. This paper will present new strategies for New York City suggesting the development of efficient and cost-effective DMS, involving: 1) use of new technology applications such as tablets and smartphone with Global Positioning System (GPS) and wireless communication features for data collection and reduction; 2) interface development among existing database and control systems; and 3) integrated DMS deployment with macroscopic and mesoscopic simulation models in Manhattan. This study paper also suggests a complete data mining process for real-time control with traditional static data, current real timing data from loop detectors, microwave sensors, and video cameras, and new real-time data using the GPS data. GPS data, including using taxi and bus GPS information, and smartphone applications can be obtained in all weather conditions and during anytime of the day. GPS data and smartphone application in NYCDOT DMS is discussed herein as a new concept. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Elhadi M. Shakshu Keywords: Data Mining System (DMS), New York City, real-time control, active transportation management (ATM), GPS data
مقاله انگلیسی
2 An exploration of local rules to map spawning processes to regular hardware architectures
کاوشی در قوانین محلی برای نگاشت فرآیندهای تخم ریزی به معماری های سخت افزاری معمولی-2022
This thesis presents an exploration of population growth via simulation in software to ascertain if a massively parallel hardware system can manage applications running within. Task execution happens dynamically and is controlled by the growth mechanism implementing efficient mapping in simulation. Algorithms that provide population simulation models are often inspired by those evidenced in biology and in particular those of cellular automata and L-systems. These algorithms are of particular interest due to their complexity and self-replication and recent research has shown that it is the refinement of the biological methodology that has resulted in their complexity. Further to this, adaptation of the design has moved the algorithm on towards being able to organize and build itself from a single cell. A growth model is utilized in software systems to provide production of meaningful data. The development of bio-inspired software is constrained by using contemporary processor architectures.
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Pursuits in Collision Affiliation, Disaffiliation, and Multimodality in Persian Interaction
تعقیب وابستگی برخورد، عدم وابستگی و چندوجهی در تعامل فارسی-2022
This study is on pursuing an interactional outcome in the face of a co-interactant’s resistance. Despite at least a forty-year history of research on pursuits in social interaction (Jefferson, 1981; Pomerantz, 1984b), there is still much to explore about this ubiquitous social phenomenon. This research employs a multimodal conversation analytic methodology to address some less-explored questions on pursuits: what practices does an interactant use to further their course of action against their co-interactant’s resistance? Do the details of these practices have implications for the trajectory of the interaction towards escalation or de-escalation? What do these practices tell us about the agentive stance adopted by the pursuing party? And how can interactants heading towards an escalated pursuit manage disaffiliation? Two different types of pursuit sequences are introduced: persisting in furthering one’s course of action and gradually desisting from a course of action. The findings show a novel phenomenon called multimodal gradation: a temporally coordinated up- or downgrading of a multitude of resources that are simultaneously used in formatting a social action. Borrowing Mondada’s terms (2014), a whole “multimodal Gestalt” by which a turn at talk is delivered is up- or downgraded. Multimodal upgrading of a pursuit turn projects further expansions to the pursuit sequence and it can escalate an initial clash. On the other hand, multimodal downgrading of a pursuit turn projects a contingent sequence closure and de-escalation. Also, upgrading the multimodal Gestalt of a pursuit turn displays the pursuing party’s stronger agentive stance compared to downgrading the turn. The project introduces another multimodal phenomenon termed mock aggression. Used between intimate interactants, mock aggression offers opportunities for affiliation despite its aggressive appearance. The findings have implications for our understanding of sequence and preference organization in CA, multimodality, agency, and conflict management. Data are in Persian and collected in Iran.
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Ontological Approach for Semantic Modelling of Malay Translated Qur’an
رویکرد هستی‌شناختی برای مدل‌سازی معنایی قرآن ترجمه‌شده مالایی-2022
This thesis contributes to the areas of ontology development and analysis, natural language processing (NLP), Information Retrieval (IR) and Language Resource and Corpus Development. Research in Natural Language Processing and semantic search for English has shown successful results for more than a decade. However, it is difficult to adapt those techniques to the Malay language, because its complex morphology and orthographic forms are very different from English. Moreover, limited resources and tools for computational linguistic analysis are available for Malay. In this thesis, we address those issues and challenges by proposing MyQOS,the Malay Qur’an Ontology System, a prototype ontology-based IR with semantics for representing and accessing a Malay translation of the Qur’an. This supports the development of a semantic search engine and a question answering system and provides a framework for storing and accessing a Malay language corpus and providing computational linguistics resources. The primary use of MyQOS in the current research is for creating and improving the quality and accuracy of the query mechanism to retrieve information embedded in the Malay text of the Qur’an translation. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we describe a new architecture of morphological analysis for MyQOS and query algorithms based on MyQOS. Data analysis that consisted of two measures; precision and recall, where data was obtained from MyQOS Corpus conducted in three search engines. The precision and recall for semantic search are 0.8409 (84%) and 0.8043(80%), double the results of the question answer search which are 0.4971(50%) for precision and 0.6027 (60%) for recall. The semantic search gives high precision and high recall comparing the other two methods. This indicates that semantic search returns more relevant results than irrelevant ones. To conclude, this research is among research in the retrieval of the Qur’an texts in the Malay language that managed to outline state-of-the-art information retrieval system models. Thus, the use of MyQOS will help Malay readers to understand the Qur’an in better ways. Furthermore, the creation of a Malay language corpus and computational linguistics resources will benefit other researchers, especially in religious texts, morphological analysis and semantic modelling.
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Abstract depiction of human figures in impressionist art and children’s picture books
چکیده ای از چهره های انسان در هنرهای تجسمی و کتاب های تصویری کودکان-2019
The human figure is important in art. I discuss examples of the abstract depiction of the human figure, from both impressionist painting and children’s book illustration, and the challenge faced in algorithmically mimicking what human artists can achieve. I demonstrate that there are excellent examples in both genres that provide insight into what a human artist sees as important in providing abstraction at different levels of detail. The challenge lies in the human brain having enormous knowledge about the world and an ability to make fine distinctions about other humans from posture, clothing and expression. This allows a human to make assumptions about human figures from a tiny amount of data, and allows a human artist to take advantage of this when creating art. The question for the computer graphics community is whether and how we could algorithmically mimic what a human artist can do. I provide evidence from both genres to suggest possible ways forward.
Keywords: Impressionism | Abstraction | Representation | Perception
مقاله انگلیسی
6 2DToonShade: A stroke based toon shading system
2DToonShade: ضربه بر اساس سیستم سایه toon-2019
We present 2DToonShade: a semi-automatic method for creating shades and self-shadows in cel animation. Besides producing attractive images, shades and shadows provide important visual cues about depth, shapes, movement and lighting of the scene. In conventional cel animation, shades and shadows are drawn by hand. As opposed to previous approaches, this method does not rely on a complex 3D reconstruction of the scene: its key advantages are simplicity and ease of use. The tool was designed to stay as close as possible to the natural 2D creative environment and therefore provides an intuitive and user-friendly interface. Our system creates shading based on hand-drawn objects or characters, given very limited guidance from the user. The method employs simple yet very efficient algorithms to create shading directly out of drawn strokes. We evaluate our system through a subjective user study and provide qualitative comparison of our method versus existing professional tools and recent state of the art.
Keywords: Toon shading | Cel shading | Hand-drawn animation | Image-based rendering | Non-photorealistic-rendering
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Shape analysis of 3D nanoscale reconstructions of brain cell nuclear envelopes by implicit and explicit parametric representations
تجزیه و تحلیل 3D بازسازی شکل در مقیاس نانو سلول های مغز پاکت های هسته ای توسط نمایندگی پارامتری ضمنی و صریح-2019
Shape analysis of cell nuclei is becoming increasingly important in biology and medicine. Recent results have identified that large variability in shape and size of nuclei has an important impact on many biological processes. Current analysis techniques involve automatic methods for detection and segmentation of histology and microscopy images, but are mostly performed in 2D. Methods for 3D shape analysis, made possible by emerging acquisition methods capable to provide nanometric-scale 3D reconstructions, are still at an early stage, and often assume a simple spherical shape. We introduce here a framework for analyzing 3D nanoscale reconstructions of nuclei of brain cells (mostly neurons), obtained by semiautomatic segmentation of electron micrographs. Our method considers two parametric representations: the first one customizes the implicit hyperquadrics formulation and it is particularly suited for convex shapes, while the latter considers a spherical harmonics decomposition of the explicit radial representation. Point clouds of nuclear envelopes, extracted from image data, are fitted to the parameterized models which are then used for performing statistical analysis and shape comparisons. We report on the analysis of a collection of 121 nuclei of brain cells obtained from the somatosensory cortex of a juvenile rat.
Keywords: Shape analysis | Nanoscale cell reconstruction | Nuclear envelopes | Cell classification
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Unsupervised by any other name: Hidden layers of knowledge production in artificial intelligence on social media
بدون نظارت با هر نام دیگری: لایه های پنهان تولید دانش در هوش مصنوعی در رسانه های اجتماعی-2019
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the form of different machine learning models is applied to Big Data as a way to turn data into valuable knowledge. The rhetoric is that ensuing predictions work well—with a high degree of autonomy and automation. We argue that we need to analyze the process of applying machine learning in depth and highlight at what point human knowledge production takes place in seemingly autonomous work. This article reintroduces classification theory as an important framework for understanding such seemingly invisible knowledge production in the machine learning development and design processes. We suggest a framework for studying such classification closely tied to different steps in the work process and exemplify the framework on two experiments with machine learning applied to Facebook data from one of our labs. By doing so we demonstrate ways in which classification and potential discrimination take place in even seemingly unsupervised and autonomous models. Moving away from concepts of non-supervision and autonomy enable us to understand the underlying classificatory dispositifs in the work process and that this form of analysis constitutes a first step towards governance of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence | machine learning | classification | social media| Facebook | discrimination | bias
مقاله انگلیسی
9 When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction
وقتی داده سرمایه است: داده سازی، انباشت و استخراج-2019
The collection and circulation of data is now a central element of increasingly more sectors of contemporary capitalism. This article analyses data as a form of capital that is distinct from, but has its roots in, economic capital. Data collection is driven by the perpetual cycle of capital accumulation, which in turn drives capital to construct and rely upon a universe in which everything is made of data. The imperative to capture all data, from all sources, by any means possible influences many key decisions about business models, political governance, and technological development. This article argues that many common practices of data accumulation should actually be understood in terms of data extraction, wherein data is taken with little regard for consent and compensation. By understanding data as a form capital, we can better analyse the meaning, practices, and implications of datafication as a political economic regime.
Keywords: Big Data | digital capitalism | value | political economy | Marx | Bourdieu
مقاله انگلیسی
10 The social imaginaries of data activism
تصورات اجتماعی فعالانه داده ها-2019
Data activism, promoting new forms of civic and political engagement, has emerged as a response to problematic aspects of datafication that include tensions between data openness and data ownership, and asymmetries in terms of data usage and distribution. In this article, we discuss MyData, a data activism initiative originating in Finland, which aims to shape a more sustainable citizen-centric data economy by means of increasing individuals’ control of their personal data. Using data gathered during long-term participant-observation in collaborative projects with data activists, we explore the internal tensions of data activism by first outlining two different social imaginaries – technological and socio-critical – within MyData, and then merging them to open practical and analytical space for engaging with the socio-technical futures currently in the making. While the technological imaginary favours data infrastructures as corrective measures, the socio-critical imaginary questions the effectiveness of technological correction. Unpacking them clarifies the kinds of political and social alternatives that different social imaginaries ascribe to the notions underlying data activism, and highlights the need to consider the social structures in play. The more far-reaching goal of our exercise is to provide practical and analytical resources for critical engagement in the context of data activism. By merging technological and socio-critical imaginaries in the work of reimagining governing structures and knowledge practices alongside infrastructural arrangements, scholars can depart from the most obvious forms of critique, influence data activism practice, and formulate data ethics and data futures.
Keywords: Datafication | social imaginary | data activism | MyData | data ethics | socio-technical futures
مقاله انگلیسی
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