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A comparison of data protection legislation and policies across the EU
مقایسه مقررات و سیاست های حفاظت از اطلاعات در سراسر اتحادیه اروپا-2018 Although the protection of personal data is harmonized within the EU by Directive 95/46/
EC and will be further harmonized by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in
2018, there are significant differences in the ways in which EU member states imple
mented the protection of privacy and personal data in national laws, policies, and practices.
This paper presents the main findings of a research project that compares the protection
of privacy and personal data in eight EU member states: France, Germany, the UK, Ireland,
Romania, Italy, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The comparison focuses on five major
themes: awareness and trust, government policies for personal data protection, the appli
cable laws and regulations, implementation of those laws and regulations, and supervision
and enforcement.
The comparison of privacy and data protection regimes across the EU shows some
remarkable findings, revealing which countries are frontrunners and which countries are
lagging behind on specific aspects. For instance, the roles of and interplay between gov
ernments, civil rights organizations, and data protections authorities vary from country to
country. Furthermore, with regard to privacy and data protection there are differences in
the intensity and scope of political debates, information campaigns, media attention, and
public debate. New concepts like privacy impact assessments, privacy by design, data
breach notifications and big data are on the agenda in some but not in all countries.
Significant differences exist in (the levels of) enforcement by the different data protection
authorities, due to different legal competencies, available budgets and personnel, policies,
and cultural factors.
Keywords: Privacy ، Data protection ، Comparative law ، Personal data ، Data protection authorities |
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