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Nine-nine-six work system and people’s movement patterns: Using big data sets to analyse overtime working in Shanghai
سیستم کار نه-نه-شش و الگوهای حرکت مردم: استفاده از مجموعه داده های بزرگ برای تحلیل اضافه کاری در شانگهای-2020 Although topics regarding “996 work system” and overtime working have aroused hot arguments, there is scant
literature that analyses the spatial distribution and movement patterns of people who work overtime. This article
fills this gap by adopting big data analysis and examining the mobile phone signal data which allow the calculation
of the approximate spatial position of the mobile-phone user, and the generation of transportation flows
and individuals’ origin-destination (OD) flows. The findings show that no less than one third of employees in
Shanghai work overtime, and that overtime workers face higher job-housing imbalance than workers who have
normal work durations or flexible schedules. This corroborates David Harvey’s time-space compression theory.
Going beyond that, we further discover the interchangeability between exploitation in the time dimension, and
that in the spatial dimension, resulting in dual exploitation. This article has important policy implications for
optimizing the urban spatial system of Shanghai, as it advocates that in addition to strengthening the enforcement
of labor law, the government also needs to improve the public service such as strengthening the underground
system’s capacity, and construct affordable houses, so as to alleviate the employees’ sufferings caused by
temporal and spatial exploitation. Moreover, the research points out the necessity for Chinese cities to enhance
the vertical mixing, in order to shorten the job-housing distance. Keywords: Overtime working | Human activity patterns | Big data | Mobile phone Signal data | Shanghai | OD | Time-space compression | Vertical mixing of land use |
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