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Environmental sustainability of agri-food supply chains: An LCA comparison between two alternative forms of production and distribution of endive in northern Italy
پایداری زیست محیطی زنجیره تامین مواد غذایی: یک مقایسه LCA بین دو فرم جایگزین تولید و توزیع نهایی در شمال ایتالیا-2017 Alternative cultivation practices such as organic and integrated farming are generally proposed as a mean
to reduce environmental impacts associated with food production and consumption. For the same
reason, various schemes of direct sale or distribution of local agricultural products have been increasingly
developed as an alternative to large-scale distribution of nationally or globally sourced products. How
ever, for a variety of vegetable crops such as salads and leaves, there is few scientific evidence about the
relative environmental performance of alternative farming techniques. Similarly, alternative distribution
systems have mainly been investigated only in terms of their energy and climate change performance,
and mostly within the debate on domestic/local versus imported/delocalised food supply. In this paper,
life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the potential environmental impacts of two agricultural
supply chains, with the primary aim of testing the expected benefits of vegetable organic farming and of
alternative forms of distribution promoting packaging reduction and a shortened supply chain. Organic
and integrated production of endive (Cichorium endivia) in Lombardia (northern Italy) were firstly
compared, according to a cradle-to-farm gate approach. The comparison was then extended to the whole
supply chain, considering the direct distribution of raw organic endive to local networks of ethical
purchasing groups by means of returnable crates, and the large-scale retailing of conventional endive as a
ready-to-use product after its industrial cutting, washing and packing. Fourteen environmental and
human health impact categories were considered as terms of comparison, along with the cumulative
energy demand. Results revealed that none of the examined farming techniques has a better overall
environmental profile. In fact, when impacts are expressed per hectare of cultivated area, nearly half
impact categories (7/15) are favourable to organic farming, with impact reductions ranging from 13% to
55%. However, organic fertilisation practices are responsible for higher impacts of this cultivation form in
terms of acidification (þ16%), terrestrial eutrophication (þ32%) and non-carcinogenic human toxicity
(þ127%). Per kg of harvested product, impact categories favourable to organic farming are reduced to
five, while six are favourable to integrated farming (which achieves higher yields). Organic farming
techniques thus need to be further improved in terms of fertilisation practices and achievable yields in
order to achieve a more sustainable production system. Considering the whole supply chain, the direct
distribution of the raw organic product loose at the local level is preferable for all impact categories
except one, where the impact of the farming stage is dominant and against organic production. This
exception however disappears if farming is excluded from the comparison (i.e. only distribution and
consumption are considered). Observed reductions in overall supply chain impacts range mostly be
tween 20% and 48% and are mainly enabled by the absence of disposable packaging items and industrial
processing.
Keywords: Life cycle assessment (LCA) | Organic farming | Integrated production | Short supply chain |Packaging reduction |Local food |
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